RFC 3871
Operational Security Requirements for Large Internet Service Provider (ISP) IP Network Infrastructure
2.12. Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Requirements
2.12.1. Authenticate All User Access
Requirement. The device MUST provide a facility to perform authentication of all user access to the system. Justification. This functionality is required so that access to the system can be restricted to authorized personnel. Examples. This requirement MAY be satisfied by implementing a centralized authentication system. See Section 2.12.5. It MAY also be satisfied using local authentication. See Section 2.12.6. Warnings. None.
2.12.2. Support Authentication of Individual Users
Requirement. Mechanisms used to authenticate interactive access for configuration and management MUST support the authentication of distinct, individual users. This requirement MAY be relaxed to support system installation Section 2.4.5 or recovery of authorized access Section 2.12.15. Justification. The use of individual accounts, in conjunction with logging, promotes accountability. The use of group or default accounts undermines individual accountability. Examples. A user may need to log in to the device to access CLI functions for management. Individual user authentication could be provided by a centralized authentication server or a username/password database stored on the device. It would be a violation of this rule for the device to only support a single "account" (with or without a username) and a single password shared by all users to gain administrative access. Warnings. This simply requires that the mechanism to support individual users be present. Policy (e.g., forbidding shared group accounts) and enforcement are also needed but beyond the scope of this document.2.12.3. Support Simultaneous Connections
Requirement. The device MUST support multiple simultaneous connections by distinct users, possibly at different authorization levels. Justification. This allows multiple people to perform authorized management functions simultaneously. This also means that attempted connections by unauthorized users do not automatically lock out authorized users.
Examples.
None.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.4. Ability to Disable All Local Accounts
Requirement.
The device MUST provide a means of disabling all local accounts
including:
* local users,
* default accounts (vendor, maintenance, guest, etc.),
* privileged and unprivileged accounts.
A local account defined as one where all information necessary for
user authentication is stored on the device.
Justification.
Default accounts, well-known accounts, and old accounts provide
easy targets for someone attempting to gain access to a device.
It must be possible to disable them to reduce the potential
vulnerability.
Examples.
The implementation depends on the types of authentication
supported by the device.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.5. Support Centralized User Authentication Methods
Requirement.
The device MUST support a method of centralized authentication of
all user access via standard authentication protocols.
Justification.
Support for centralized authentication is particularly important
in large environments where the network devices are widely
distributed and where many people have access to them. This
reduces the effort needed to effectively restrict and track access
to the system by authorized personnel.
Examples.
This requirement can be satisfied through the use of DIAMETER
[RFC3588], TACACS+ [RFC1492], RADIUS [RFC2865], or Kerberos
[RFC1510].
The secure management requirements (Section 2.1.1) apply to AAA.
See [RFC3579] for a discussion security issues related to RADIUS.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.6. Support Local User Authentication Method
Requirement.
The device SHOULD support a local authentication method. If
implemented, the method MUST NOT require interaction with anything
external to the device (such as remote AAA servers), and MUST
work in conjunction with Section 2.3.1 (Support a 'Console'
Interface) and Section 2.12.7 (Support Configuration of Order of
Authentication Methods).
Justification.
Support for local authentication may be required in smaller
environments where there may be only a few devices and a limited
number of people with access. The overhead of maintaining
centralized authentication servers may not be justified.
Examples.
The use of local, per-device usernames and passwords provides one
way to implement this requirement.
Warnings.
Authentication information must be protected wherever it resides.
Having, for instance, local usernames and passwords stored on 100
network devices means that there are 100 potential points of
failure where the information could be compromised vs. storing
authentication data centralized server(s), which would reduce the
potential points of failure to the number of servers and allow
protection efforts (system hardening, audits, etc.) to be focused
on, at most, a few servers.
2.12.7. Support Configuration of Order of Authentication Methods
Requirement.
The device MUST support the ability to configure the order in
which supported authentication methods are attempted.
Authentication SHOULD "fail closed", i.e., access should be denied
if none of the listed authentication methods succeeds.
Justification.
This allows the operator flexibility in implementing appropriate
security policies that balance operational and security needs.
Examples.
If, for example, a device supports RADIUS authentication and local
usernames and passwords, it should be possible to specify that
RADIUS authentication should be attempted if the servers are
available, and that local usernames and passwords should be used
for authentication only if the RADIUS servers are not available.
Similarly, it should be possible to specify that only RADIUS or
only local authentication be used.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.8. Ability To Authenticate Without Plaintext Passwords
Requirement.
The device MUST support mechanisms that do not require the
transmission of plaintext passwords in all cases that require the
transmission of authentication information across networks.
Justification.
Plaintext passwords can be easily observed using packet sniffers
on shared networks. See [RFC1704] and [RFC3631] for a through
discussion.
Examples.
Remote login requires the transmission of authentication
information across networks. Telnet transmits plaintext
passwords. SSH does not. Telnet fails this requirement. SSH
passes.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.9. No Default Passwords
Requirement.
The initial configuration of the device MUST NOT contain any
default passwords or other authentication tokens.
Justification.
Default passwords provide an easy way for attackers to gain
unauthorized access to the device.
Examples.
Passwords such as the name of the vendor, device, "default", etc.
are easily guessed. The SNMP community strings "public" and
"private" are well known defaults that provide read and write
access to devices.
Warnings.
Lists of default passwords for various devices are readily
available at numerous websites.
2.12.10. Passwords Must Be Explicitly Configured Prior To Use
Requirement.
The device MUST require the operator to explicitly configure
"passwords" prior to use.
Justification.
This requirement is intended to prevent unauthorized management
access. Requiring the operator to explicitly configure passwords
will tend to have the effect of ensuring a diversity of passwords.
It also shifts the responsibility for password selection to the
user.
Examples.
Assume that a device comes with console port for management and a
default administrative account. This requirement together with No
Default Passwords says that the administrative account should come
with no password configured. One way of meeting this requirement
would be to have the device require the operator to choose a
password for the administrative account as part of a dialog the
first time the device is configured.
Warnings.
While this device requires operators to set passwords, it does not
prevent them from doing things such as using scripts to configure
hundreds of devices with the same easily guessed passwords.
2.12.11. Ability to Define Privilege Levels
Requirement.
It MUST be possible to define arbitrary subsets of all management
and configuration functions and assign them to groups or
"privilege levels", which can be assigned to users per Section
2.12.12. There MUST be at least three possible privilege levels.
Justification.
This requirement supports the implementation of the principal of
"least privilege", which states that an individual should only
have the privileges necessary to execute the operations he/she is
required to perform.
Examples.
Examples of privilege levels might include "user" which only
allows the initiation of a PPP or telnet session, "read only",
which allows read-only access to device configuration and
operational statistics, "root/superuser/administrator" which
allows update access to all configurable parameters, and
"operator" which allows updates to a limited, user defined set of
parameters. Note that privilege levels may be defined locally on
the device or on centralized authentication servers.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.12. Ability to Assign Privilege Levels to Users
Requirement.
The device MUST be able to assign a defined set of authorized
functions, or "privilege level", to each user once they have
authenticated themselves to the device. Privilege level
determines which functions a user is allowed to execute. Also see
Section 2.12.11.
Justification.
This requirement supports the implementation of the principal of
"least privilege", which states that an individual should only
have the privileges necessary to execute the operations he/she is
required to perform.
Examples.
The implementation of this requirement will obviously be closely
coupled with the authentication mechanism. If RADIUS is used, an
attribute could be set in the user's RADIUS profile that can be
used to map the ID to a certain privilege level.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.13. Default Privilege Level Must Be 'None'
Requirement.
The default privilege level SHOULD NOT allow any access to
management or configuration functions. It MAY allow access to
user-level functions (e.g., starting PPP or telnet). It SHOULD be
possible to assign a different privilege level as the default.
This requirement MAY be relaxed to support system installation per
Section 2.4.5 or recovery of authorized access per Section
2.12.15.
Justification.
This requirement supports the implementation of the principal of
"least privilege", which states that an individual should only
have the privileges necessary to execute the operations he/she is
required to perform.
Examples.
Examples of privilege levels might include "user" which only
allows the initiation of a PPP or telnet session, "read-only",
which allows read-only access to device configuration and
operational statistics, "root/superuser/administrator" which
allows update access to all configurable parameters, and
"operator" which allows updates to a limited, user defined set of
parameters. Note that privilege levels may be defined locally on
the device or on centralized authentication servers.
Warnings.
It may be required to provide exceptions to support the
requirements to support recovery of privileged access (Section
2.12.15) and to support OS installation and configuration (Section
2.4.5). For example, if the OS and/or configuration has somehow
become corrupt an authorized individual with physical access may
need to have "root" level access to perform an install.
2.12.14. Change in Privilege Levels Requires Re-Authentication
Requirement.
The device MUST re-authenticate a user prior to granting any
change in user authorizations.
Justification.
This requirement ensures that users are able to perform only
authorized actions.
Examples.
This requirement might be implemented by assigning base privilege
levels to all users and allowing the user to request additional
privileges, with the requests validated by the AAA server.
Warnings.
None.
2.12.15. Support Recovery Of Privileged Access
Requirement. The device MUST support a mechanism to allow authorized individuals to recover full privileged administrative access in the event that access is lost. Use of the mechanism MUST require physical access to the device. There MAY be a mechanism for disabling the recovery feature. Justification. There are times when local administrative passwords are forgotten, when the only person who knows them leaves the company, or when hackers set or change the password. In all these cases, legitimate administrative access to the device is lost. There should be a way to recover access. Requiring physical access to invoke the procedure makes it less likely that it will be abused. Some organizations may want an even higher level of security and be willing to risk total loss of authorized access by disabling the recovery feature, even for those with physical access. Examples. Some examples of ways to satisfy this requirement are to have the device give the user the chance to set a new administrative password when: * The user sets a jumper on the system board to a particular position. * The user sends a special sequence to the RS232 console port during the initial boot sequence. * The user sets a "boot register" to a particular value. Warnings. This mechanism, by design, provides a "back door" to complete administrative control of the device and may not be appropriate for environments where those with physical access to the device can not be trusted. Also see the warnings in Section 2.3.1 (Support a 'Console' Interface).
2.13. Layer 2 Devices Must Meet Higher Layer Requirements
Requirement. If a device provides layer 2 services that are dependent on layer 3 or greater services, then the portions that operate at or above layer 3 MUST conform to the requirements listed in this document. Justification. All layer 3 devices have similar security needs and should be subject to similar requirements. Examples. Signaling protocols required for layer 2 switching may exchange information with other devices using layer 3 communications. In such cases, the device must provide a secure layer 3 facility. Also, if higher layer capabilities (say, SSH or SNMP) are used to manage a layer 2 device, then the rest of the requirements in this document apply to those capabilities. Warnings. None.2.14. Security Features Must Not Cause Operational Problems
Requirement. The use of security features specified by the requirements in this document SHOULD NOT cause severe operational problems. Justification. Security features which cause operational problems are not useful and may leave the operator with no mechanism for enforcing appropriate policy. Examples. Some examples of severe operational problems include: * The device crashes. * The device becomes unmanageable. * Data is lost.
* Use of the security feature consumes excessive resources (CPU,
memory, bandwidth).
Warnings.
Determination of compliance with this requirement involves a level
of judgement. What is "severe"? Certainly crashing is severe,
but what about a %5 loss in throughput when logging is enabled?
It should also be noted that there may be unavoidable physical
limitations such as the total capacity of a link.
2.15. Security Features Should Have Minimal Performance Impact
Requirement.
Security features specified by the requirements in this document
SHOULD be implemented with minimal impact on performance. Other
sections of this document may specify different performance
requirements (e.g., "MUST"s).
Justification.
Security features which significantly impact performance may leave
the operator with no mechanism for enforcing appropriate policy.
Examples.
If the application of filters is known to have the potential to
significantly reduce throughput for non-filtered traffic, there
will be a tendency, or in some cases a policy, not to use filters.
Assume, for example, that a new worm is released that scans random
IP addresses looking for services listening on TCP port 1433. An
operator might want to investigate to see if any of the hosts on
their networks were infected and trying to spread the worm. One
way to do this would be to put up non-blocking filters counting
and logging the number of outbound connection 1433, and then to
block the requests that are determined to be from infected hosts.
If any of these capabilities (filtering, counting, logging) have
the potential to impose severe performance penalties, then this
otherwise rational course of action might not be possible.
Warnings.
Requirements for which performance is a particular concern
include: filtering, rate-limiting, counters, logging and anti-
spoofing.
3. Documentation Requirements
The requirements in this section are intended to list information that will assist operators in evaluating and securely operating a device.3.1. Identify Services That May Be Listening
Requirement. The vendor MUST provide a list of all services that may be active on the device. The list MUST identify the protocols and default ports (if applicable) on which the services listen. It SHOULD provide references to complete documentation describing the service. Justification. This information is necessary to enable a thorough assessment of the potential security risks associated with the operation of each service. Examples. The list will likely contain network and transport protocols such as IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, routing protocols such as BGP and OSPF, application protocols such as SSH and SNMP along with references to the RFCs or other documentation describing the versions of the protocols implemented. Web servers "usually" listen on port 80. In the default configuration of the device, it may have a web server listening on port 8080. In the context of this requirement "identify ... default port" would mean "port 8080". Warnings. There may be valid, non-technical reasons for not disclosing the specifications of proprietary protocols. In such cases, all that needs to be disclosed is the existence of the service and the default ports (if applicable).3.2. Document Service Defaults
Requirement. The vendor MUST provide a list of the default state of all services.
Justification.
Understanding risk requires understanding exposure. Each service
that is enabled presents a certain level of exposure. Having a
list of the services that is enabled by default makes it possible
to perform meaningful risk analysis.
Examples.
The list may be no more than the output of a command that
implements Section 2.5.1.
Warnings.
None.
3.3. Document Service Activation Process
Requirement.
The vendor MUST concisely document which features enable and
disable services.
Justification.
Once risk has been assessed, this list provides the operator a
quick means of understanding how to disable (or enable) undesired
(or desired) services.
Examples.
This may be a list of commands to enable/disable services one by
one or a single command which enables/disables "standard" groups
of commands.
Warnings.
None.
3.4. Document Command Line Interface
Requirement.
The vendor MUST provide complete documentation of the command line
interface with each software release. The documentation SHOULD
include highlights of changes from previous versions. The
documentation SHOULD list potential output for each command.
Justification.
Understanding of inputs and outputs is necessary to support
scripting. See Section 2.4.2.
Examples.
Separate documentation should be provided for each command listing
the syntax, parameters, options, etc. as well as expected output
(status, tables, etc.).
Warnings.
None.
3.5. 'Console' Default Communication Profile Documented
Requirement.
The console default profile of communications parameters MUST be
published in the system documentation.
Justification.
Publication in the system documentation makes the settings
accessible. Failure to publish them could leave the operator
having to guess.
Examples.
None.
Warnings.
None.
4. Assurance Requirements
The requirements in this section are intended to
o identify behaviors and information that will increase confidence
that the device will meet the security functional requirements.
o Provide information that will assist in the performance of
security evaluations.
4.1. Identify Origin of IP Stack
Requirement. The vendor SHOULD disclose the origin or basis of the IP stack used on the system. Justification. This information is required to better understand the possible security vulnerabilities that may be inherent in the IP stack. Examples. "The IP stack was derived from BSD 4.4", or "The IP stack was implemented from scratch." Warnings. Many IP stacks make simplifying assumptions about how an IP packet should be formed. A malformed packet can cause unexpected behavior in the device, such as a system crash or buffer overflow which could result in unauthorized access to the system.4.2. Identify Origin of Operating System
Requirement. The vendor SHOULD disclose the origin or basis of the operating system (OS). Justification. This information is required to better understand the security vulnerabilities that may be inherent to the OS based on its origin. Examples. "The operating system is based on Linux kernel 2.4.18." Warnings. None.
5. Security Considerations
General Security is the subject matter of this entire memo. The justification section of each individual requirement lists the security implications of meeting or not meeting the requirement. SNMP SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 did not include adequate security. Even if the network itself is secure (for example by using IPSec), even then, there is no control as to who on the secure network is allowed to access and GET/SET (read/change/create/delete) the objects in the MIB. It is recommended that implementors consider the security features as provided by the SNMPv3 framework (see [RFC3410], section 8), including full support for the SNMPv3 cryptographic mechanisms (for authentication and privacy). Furthermore, deployment of SNMP versions prior to SNMPv3 is NOT RECOMMENDED. Instead, it is RECOMMENDED to deploy SNMPv3 and to enable cryptographic security. It is then a customer/operator responsibility to ensure that the SNMP entity giving access to MIB objects is properly configured to give access to the objects only to those principals (users) that have legitimate rights to indeed GET or SET (change/create/delete) them.6. References
6.1. Normative References
[ANSI.X9-52.1998] American National Standards Institute, "Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation", ANSI X9.52, 1998. [FIPS.197] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced Encryption Standard", FIPS PUB 197, November 2001, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/ fips-197.ps>. [PKCS.3.1993] RSA Laboratories, "Diffie-Hellman Key-Agreement Standard, Version 1.4", PKCS 3, November 1993. [RFC1208] Jacobsen, O. and D. Lynch, "Glossary of networking terms", RFC 1208, March 1991.
[RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, April 1992. [RFC1492] Finseth, C., "An Access Control Protocol, Sometimes Called TACACS", RFC 1492, July 1993. [RFC1510] Kohl, J. and C. Neuman, "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 1510, September 1993. [RFC1704] Haller, N. and R. Atkinson, "On Internet Authentication", RFC 1704, October 1994. [RFC1812] Baker, F., Ed., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers", RFC 1812, June 1995. [RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996. [RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2196] Fraser, B., "Site Security Handbook", FYI 8, RFC 2196, September 1997. [RFC2246] Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January 1999. [RFC2385] Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option", RFC 2385, August 1998. [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. [RFC2631] Rescorla, E., "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method", RFC 2631, June 1999. [RFC2827] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000.
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000. [RFC3013] Killalea, T., "Recommended Internet Service Provider Security Services and Procedures", BCP 46, RFC 3013, November 2000. [RFC3164] Lonvick, C., "The BSD Syslog Protocol", RFC 3164, August 2001. [RFC3174] Eastlake, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)", RFC 3174, September 2001. [RFC3195] New, D. and M. Rose, "Reliable Delivery for syslog", RFC 3195, November 2001. [RFC3309] Stone, J., Stewart, R. and D. Otis, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Checksum Change", RFC 3309, September 2002. [RFC3330] IANA, "Special-Use IPv4 Addresses", RFC 3330, September 2002. [RFC3360] Floyd, S., "Inappropriate TCP Resets Considered Harmful", BCP 60, RFC 3360, August 2002. [RFC3410] Case, J., Mundy, R., Partain, D. and B. Stewart, "Introduction and Applicability Statements for Internet-Standard Management Framework", RFC 3410, December 2002. [RFC3411] Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411, December 2002. [RFC3447] Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1", RFC 3447, February 2003. [RFC3562] Leech, M., "Key Management Considerations for the TCP MD5 Signature Option", RFC 3562, July 2003.
[RFC3579] Aboba, B. and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) Support For Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3579, September 2003. [RFC3588] Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E., Zorn, G., and J. Arkko, "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 3588, September 2003. [RFC3631] Bellovin, S., Schiller, J., and C. Kaufman, Eds., "Security Mechanisms for the Internet", RFC 3631, December 2003.6.2. Informative References
[RFC3766] Orman, H. and P. Hoffman, "Determining Strengths For Public Keys Used For Exchanging Symmetric Keys", BCP 86, RFC 3766, April 2004. [RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004. [bmwg-acc-bench] Poretsky, S., "Framework for Accelerated Stress Benchmarking", Work in Progress, October 2003. [Schneier] Schneier, B., "Applied Cryptography, 2nd Ed., Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", 1996.
Appendix A. Requirement Profiles
This Appendix lists different profiles. A profile is a list of list of requirements that apply to a particular class of devices. The minimum requirements profile applies to all devices.A.1. Minimum Requirements Profile
The functionality listed here represents a minimum set of requirements to which managed infrastructure of large IP networks should adhere. The minimal requirements profile addresses functionality which will provide reasonable capabilities to manage the devices in the event of attacks, simplify troubleshooting, keep track of events which affect system integrity, help analyze causes of attacks, as well as provide administrators control over IP addresses and protocols to help mitigate the most common attacks and exploits. o Support Secure Channels For Management o Use Protocols Subject To Open Review For Management o Use Cryptographic Algorithms Subject To Open Review o Use Strong Cryptography o Allow Selection of Cryptographic Parameters o Management Functions Should Have Increased Priority o Support a 'Console' Interface o 'Console' Communication Profile Must Support Reset o 'Console' Default Communication Profile Documented o 'Console' Requires Minimal Functionality of Attached Devices. o Support Separate Management Plane IP Interfaces o No Forwarding Between Management Plane And Other Interfaces o 'CLI' Provides Access to All Configuration and Management Functions o 'CLI' Supports Scripting of Configuration
o 'CLI' Supports Management Over 'Slow' Links o Document Command Line Interface o Support Software Installation o Support Remote Configuration Backup o Support Remote Configuration Restore o Support Text Configuration Files o Ability to Identify All Listening Services o Ability to Disable Any and All Services o Ability to Control Service Bindings for Listening Services o Ability to Control Service Source Addresses o Ability to Filter Traffic o Ability to Filter Traffic TO the Device o Support Route Filtering o Ability to Specify Filter Actions o Ability to Log Filter Actions o Ability to Filter Without Significant Performance Degradation o Ability to Specify Filter Log Granularity o Ability to Filter on Protocols o Ability to Filter on Addresses o Ability to Filter on Protocol Header Fields o Ability to Filter Inbound and Outbound o Packet Filtering Counter Requirements o Ability to Display Filter Counters o Ability to Display Filter Counters per Rule
o Ability to Display Filter Counters per Filter Application o Ability to Reset Filter Counters o Filter Counters Must Be Accurate o Logging Facility Uses Protocols Subject To Open Review o Logs Sent To Remote Servers o Ability to Log Locally o Ability to Maintain Accurate System Time o Display Timezone And UTC Offset o Default Timezone Should Be UTC o Logs Must Be Timestamped o Logs Contain Untranslated IP Addresses o Logs Contain Records Of Security Events o Authenticate All User Access o Support Authentication of Individual Users o Support Simultaneous Connections o Ability to Disable All Local Accounts o Support Centralized User Authentication Methods o Support Local User Authentication Method o Support Configuration of Order of Authentication Methods o Ability To Authenticate Without Plaintext Passwords o Passwords Must Be Explicitly Configured Prior To Use o No Default Passwords o Ability to Define Privilege Levels o Ability to Assign Privilege Levels to Users
o Default Privilege Level Must Be 'None' o Change in Privilege Levels Requires Re-Authentication o Support Recovery Of Privileged Access o Logs Do Not Contain Passwords o Security Features Must Not Cause Operational Problems o Security Features Should Have Minimal Performance Impact o Identify Services That May Be Listening o Document Service Defaults o Document Service Activation Process o Identify Origin of IP Stack o Identify Origin of Operating System o Identify Origin of IP Stack o Identify Origin of Operating System o Layer 2 Devices Must Meet Higher Layer RequirementsA.2. Layer 3 Network Edge Profile
This section builds on the minimal requirements listed in A.1 and adds more stringent security functionality specific to layer 3 devices which are part of the network edge. The network edge is typically where much of the filtering and traffic control policies are implemented. An edge device is defined as a device that makes up the network infrastructure and connects directly to customers or peers. This would include routers connected to peering points, switches connecting customer hosts, etc. o Support Automatic Anti-spoofing for Single-Homed Networks o Support Automatic Discarding Of Bogons and Martians o Support Counters For Dropped Packets o Support Rate Limiting
o Support Directional Application Of Rate Limiting Per Interface o Support Rate Limiting Based on State o Ability to Filter Traffic THROUGH the DeviceAppendix B. Acknowledgments
This document grew out of an internal security requirements document used by UUNET for testing devices that were being proposed for connection to the backbone. The editor gratefully acknowledges the contributions of: o Greg Sayadian, author of a predecessor of this document. o Eric Brandwine, a major source of ideas/critiques. o The MITRE Corporation for supporting continued development of this document. NOTE: The editor's affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only, and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE's concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions or viewpoints expressed by the editor. o The former UUNET network security team: Jared Allison, Eric Brandwine, Clarissa Cook, Dave Garn, Tae Kim, Kent King, Neil Kirr, Mark Krause, Michael Lamoureux, Maureen Lee, Todd MacDermid, Chris Morrow, Alan Pitts, Greg Sayadian, Bruce Snow, Robert Stone, Anne Williams, Pete White. o Others who have provided significant feedback at various stages of the life of this document are: Ran Atkinson, Fred Baker, Steve Bellovin, David L. Black, Michael H. Behringer, Matt Bishop, Scott Blake, Randy Bush, Pat Cain, Ross Callon, Steven Christey, Owen Delong, Sean Donelan, Robert Elmore, Barbara Fraser, Barry Greene, Jeffrey Haas, David Harrington, Dan Hollis, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Merike Kaeo, James Ko, John Kristoff, Chris Lonvick, Chris Liljenstolpe, James W. Laferriere, Jared Mauch, Perry E. Metzger, Mike O'Connor, Alan Paller, Rob Pickering, Pekka Savola, Gregg Schudel, Juergen Schoenwaelder, Don Smith, Rodney Thayer, David Walters, Joel N. Weber II, Russ White, Anthony Williams, Neal Ziring. o Madge B. Harrison and Patricia L. Jones, technical writing review. o This listing is intended to acknowledge contributions, not to imply that the individual or organizations approve the content of this document.
o Apologies to those who commented on/contributed to the document
and were not listed.
Author's Address
George M. Jones, Editor
The MITRE Corporation
7515 Colshire Drive, M/S WEST
McLean, Virginia 22102-7508
U.S.A.
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