RFC 8976
Message Digest for DNS Zones
Message Digest for DNS Zones
Abstract
This document describes a protocol and new DNS Resource Record that provides a cryptographic message digest over DNS zone data at rest. The ZONEMD Resource Record conveys the digest data in the zone itself. When used in combination with DNSSEC, ZONEMD allows recipients to verify the zone contents for data integrity and origin authenticity. This provides assurance that received zone data matches published data, regardless of how the zone data has been transmitted and received. When used without DNSSEC, ZONEMD functions as a checksum, guarding only against unintentional changes.
ZONEMD does not replace DNSSEC: DNSSEC protects individual RRsets (DNS data with fine granularity), whereas ZONEMD protects a zone's data as a whole, whether consumed by authoritative name servers, recursive name servers, or any other applications.
As specified herein, ZONEMD is impractical for large, dynamic zones due to the time and resources required for digest calculation. However, the ZONEMD record is extensible so that new digest schemes may be added in the future to support large, dynamic zones.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8976 .
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info ) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The ZONEMD Resource Record
- 3. Calculating the Digest
- 4. Verifying Zone Digest
- 5. IANA Considerations
- 6. Security Considerations
- 7. Performance Considerations
- 8. Privacy Considerations
- 9. References
- Appendix A. Example Zones with Digests
- Appendix B. Implementation Status
- Acknowledgments
- Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
In the DNS, a zone is the collection of authoritative resource records (RRs) sharing a common origin ([RFC 8499]). Zones are often stored as files in the so-called "master file format" ([RFC 1034]). Zones are generally distributed among name servers using the zone transfer (AXFR) ([RFC 5936]) and incremental zone transfer (IXFR) ([RFC 1995]) protocols. They can also be distributed outside of the DNS with any file transfer protocol such as FTP, HTTP, and rsync, or even as email attachments. Currently, there is no standard way to compute a hash or message digest for a stand-alone zone.
This document specifies an RR type that provides a cryptographic message digest of the data in a zone. It allows a receiver of the zone to verify the zone's integrity and authenticity when used in combination with DNSSEC. The digest RR is a part of the zone itself, allowing verification of the zone, no matter how it is transmitted. The digest uses the wire format of zone data in a canonical ordering. Thus, it is independent of presentation format such as whitespace, capitalization, and comments.
This specification is OPTIONAL to implement by both publishers and consumers of zone data.
1.1. Motivation
The primary motivation for this protocol enhancement is the desire to verify the data integrity and origin authenticity of a stand-alone zone, regardless of how it is transmitted. A consumer of zone data should be able to verify that it is as published by the zone operator.
Note, however, that integrity and authenticity can only be assured when the zone is signed. DNSSEC provides three strong security guarantees relevant to this protocol:
- whether or not to expect DNSSEC records in the zone,
- whether or not to expect a ZONEMD record in a signed zone, and
- whether or not the ZONEMD record has been altered since it was signed.
1.2. Alternative Approaches
One approach to preventing data tampering and corruption is to secure the distribution channel. The DNS has a number of features that are already used for channel security. Perhaps the most widely used is DNS transaction signatures (TSIGs) ([RFC 8945]). A TSIG uses shared secret keys and a message digest to protect individual query and response messages. It is generally used to authenticate and validate UPDATE ([RFC 2136]), AXFR ([RFC 5936]), and IXFR ([RFC 1995]) messages.
DNS Request and Transaction Signatures (SIG(0)) ([RFC 2931]) is another protocol extension that authenticates individual DNS transactions. Whereas SIG records normally cover specific RR types, SIG(0) is used to sign an entire DNS message. Unlike TSIG, SIG(0) uses public key cryptography rather than shared secrets.
The Transport Layer Security protocol suite also provides channel security. The DPRIVE Working Group is in the process of specifying DNS Zone Transfer-over-TLS ([DPRIVE-XFR-OVER-TLS]). One can also easily imagine the distribution of zones over HTTPS-enabled web servers as well as DNS-over-HTTPS ([RFC 8484]).
Unfortunately, the protections provided by these channel security techniques are (in practice) ephemeral and are not retained after the data transfer is complete. They ensure that the client receives the data from the expected server and that the data sent by the server is not modified during transmission. However, they do not guarantee that the server transmits the data as originally published and do not provide any methods to verify data that is read after transmission is complete. For example, a name server loading saved zone data upon restart cannot guarantee that the on-disk data has not been modified. Such modification could be the result of an accidental corruption of the file or perhaps an incomplete saving of the file ([DISK-FULL-FAILURE]). For these reasons, it is preferable to protect the integrity of the data itself.
Why not simply rely on DNSSEC, which provides certain data security guarantees? For zones that are signed, a recipient could validate all of the signed RRsets. Additionally, denial-of-existence records prove that RRsets have not been added or removed. However, delegations (non-apex NS records) are not signed by DNSSEC and neither are any glue records. ZONEMD protects the integrity of delegation, glue, and other records that are not otherwise covered by DNSSEC. Furthermore, zones that employ NSEC3 with Opt-Out ([RFC 5155]) are susceptible to the removal or addition of names between the signed nodes. Whereas DNSSEC primarily protects consumers of DNS response messages, this protocol protects consumers of zones.
There are existing tools and protocols that provide data security, such as OpenPGP ([RFC 4880]) and S/MIME ([RFC 8551]). In fact, the internic.net site publishes Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) signatures alongside the root zone and other files available there. However, this is a detached signature with no strong association to the corresponding zone file other than its timestamp. Attached signatures are of course possible, but these necessarily change the format of the file being distributed; a zone signed with OpenPGP or S/MIME no longer looks like a DNS zone and could not directly be loaded into a name server. Once loaded, the signature data is lost, so it cannot be further propagated.
It seems the desire for data security in DNS zones was envisioned as far back as 1997. [RFC 2065] is an obsoleted specification of the first generation DNSSEC Security Extensions. It describes a zone transfer signature, identified as the AXFR SIG, which is similar to the technique proposed by this document. That is, it proposes ordering all (signed) RRsets in a zone, hashing their contents, and then signing the zone hash. The AXFR SIG is described only for use during zone transfers. It did not postulate the need to validate zone data distributed outside of the DNS. Furthermore, its successor, [RFC 2535], omits the AXFR SIG while at the same time introducing an IXFR SIG. (Note: RFC 2535 was obsoleted by [RFC 4033], [RFC 4034], and [RFC 4035].)
1.3. Design Overview
This document specifies a new Resource Record type to convey a message digest of the content of a zone. The digest is calculated at the time of zone publication. If the zone is signed with DNSSEC, any modifications of the digest can be detected. The procedures for digest calculation and DNSSEC signing are similar. Both require data to be processed in a well-defined order and format. It may be possible to perform DNSSEC signing and digest calculation in parallel.
The zone digest is designed to be used on zones that have infrequent updates. As specified herein, the digest is recalculated over the entire zone content each time the zone is updated. This specification does not provide an efficient mechanism for updating the digest on incremental updates of zone data. It is, however, extensible so that future schemes may be defined to support efficient incremental digest updates.
It is expected that verification of a zone digest will be implemented in name server software. That is, a name server can verify the zone data it was given and refuse to serve a zone that fails verification. For signed zones, the name server needs a trust anchor to perform DNSSEC validation. For signed non-root zones, the name server may need to send queries to validate a chain of trust. Digest verification could also be performed externally.
1.4. Use Cases
1.4.1. Root Zone
The root zone ([InterNIC]) is one of the most widely distributed DNS zones on the Internet, served by more than 1000 separate instances ([ROOT-SERVERS]) at the time of this writing. Additionally, many organizations configure their own name servers to serve the root zone locally. Reasons for doing so include privacy and reduced access time. [RFC 8806] describes one way to do this. As the root zone spreads beyond its traditional deployment boundaries, the verification of the completeness of the zone contents becomes more important.
1.4.2. Providers, Secondaries, and Anycast
Since its very early days, the developers of the DNS recognized the importance of secondary name servers and service diversity. However, modern DNS service has complex provisioning that includes multiple third-party providers ([RFC 8901]) and hundreds of anycast instances ([RFC 3258]). Instead of a simple primary-to-secondary zone distribution system, today it is possible to have multiple levels, multiple parties, and multiple protocols involved in the distribution of zone data. This complexity introduces new places for problems to arise. The zone digest protects the integrity of data that flows through such systems.
1.4.3. Response Policy Zones
A Response Policy Zone (RPZ) is "a mechanism to introduce a customized policy in Domain Name System servers, so that recursive resolvers return possibly modified results" ([RPZ]). The policy information is carried inside specially constructed DNS zones. A number of companies provide RPZ feeds, which are consumed by name server and firewall products. While RPZs can be signed with DNSSEC, the data is not queried directly and would not be subject to DNSSEC validation.
1.4.4. Centralized Zone Data Service
ICANN operates the Centralized Zone Data Service ([CZDS]), which is a repository of top-level domain zone files. Users that have been granted access are then able to download zone data. Adding a zone digest to these would provide CZDS users with assurances that the data has not been modified between origination and retrieval. Note that ZONEMD could be added to zone data supplied to CZDS without requiring it to be present in the zone data served by production name servers, since the digest is inherently attached to the specific copy of the zone.
1.4.5. General Purpose Comparison Check
Since the zone digest calculation does not depend on presentation format, it could be used to compare multiple copies of a zone received from different sources, or copies generated by different processes. In this case, it serves as a checksum and can be useful even for unsigned zones.
1.5. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC 2119] [RFC 8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
The terms Private Use, Reserved, Unassigned, and Specification Required are to be interpreted as defined in [RFC 8126].
2. The ZONEMD Resource Record
This section describes the ZONEMD Resource Record, including its fields, wire format, and presentation format. The Type value for the ZONEMD RR is 63. The ZONEMD RR is class independent. The RDATA of the resource record consists of four fields: Serial, Scheme, Hash Algorithm, and Digest.
2.1. Non-apex ZONEMD Records
This document specifies ZONEMD RRs located at the zone apex. Non-apex ZONEMD RRs are not forbidden, but have no meaning in this specification. Non-apex ZONEMD RRs MUST NOT be used for verification.
During digest calculation, non-apex ZONEMD RRs are treated as ordinary RRs. They are digested as is, and the RR is not replaced by a placeholder RR.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, "ZONEMD" always refers to apex records throughout this document.
2.2. ZONEMD RDATA Wire Format
The ZONEMD RDATA wire format is encoded as follows:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Serial | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Scheme |Hash Algorithm | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | Digest | / / / / +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
2.2.1. The Serial Field
The Serial field is a 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order. It is the serial number from the zone's SOA record (RFC 1035, Section 3.3.13) for which the zone digest was generated.
It is included here to clearly bind the ZONEMD RR to a particular version of the zone's content. Without the serial number, a stand-alone ZONEMD digest has no obvious association to any particular instance of a zone.
2.2.2. The Scheme Field
The Scheme field is an 8-bit unsigned integer that identifies the methods by which data is collated and presented as input to the hashing function.
Herein, SIMPLE, with Scheme value 1, is the only standardized Scheme defined for ZONEMD records and it MUST be supported by implementations. The "ZONEMD Schemes" registry is further described in Section 5.
Scheme values 240-254 are allocated for Private Use.
2.2.3. The Hash Algorithm Field
The Hash Algorithm field is an 8-bit unsigned integer that identifies the cryptographic hash algorithm used to construct the digest.
Herein, SHA384 ([RFC 6234]), with Hash Algorithm value 1, is the only standardized Hash Algorithm defined for ZONEMD records that MUST be supported by implementations. When SHA384 is used, the size of the Digest field is 48 octets. The result of the SHA384 digest algorithm MUST NOT be truncated, and the entire 48-octet digest is published in the ZONEMD record.
SHA512 ([RFC 6234]), with Hash Algorithm value 2, is also defined for ZONEMD records and SHOULD be supported by implementations. When SHA512 is used, the size of the Digest field is 64 octets. The result of the SHA512 digest algorithm MUST NOT be truncated, and the entire 64-octet digest is published in the ZONEMD record.
Hash Algorithm values 240-254 are allocated for Private Use.
The "ZONEMD Hash Algorithms" registry is further described in Section 5.
2.2.4. The Digest Field
The Digest field is a variable-length sequence of octets containing the output of the hash algorithm. The length of the Digest field is determined by deducting the fixed size of the Serial, Scheme, and Hash Algorithm fields from the RDATA size in the ZONEMD RR header.
The Digest field MUST NOT be shorter than 12 octets. Digests for the SHA384 and SHA512 hash algorithms specified herein are never truncated. Digests for future hash algorithms MAY be truncated but MUST NOT be truncated to a length that results in less than 96 bits (12 octets) of equivalent strength.
Section 3 describes how to calculate the digest for a zone. Section 4 describes how to use the digest to verify the contents of a zone.
2.3. ZONEMD Presentation Format
The presentation format of the RDATA portion is as follows:
- The Serial field is represented as an unsigned decimal integer.
- The Scheme field is represented as an unsigned decimal integer.
- The Hash Algorithm field is represented as an unsigned decimal integer.
- The Digest is represented as a sequence of case-insensitive hexadecimal digits. Whitespace is allowed within the hexadecimal text.
2.4. ZONEMD Example
The following example shows a ZONEMD RR in presentation format:
example.com. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031500 1 1 (
FEBE3D4CE2EC2FFA4BA99D46CD69D6D29711E55217057BEE
7EB1A7B641A47BA7FED2DD5B97AE499FAFA4F22C6BD647DE )
2.5. Including ZONEMD RRs in a Zone
The zone operator chooses an appropriate hash algorithm and scheme and includes the calculated zone digest in the apex ZONEMD RRset. The zone operator MAY choose any of the defined hash algorithms and schemes, including the Private Use code points.
The ZONEMD RRset MAY contain multiple records to support algorithm agility ([BCP201]). When multiple ZONEMD RRs are present, each MUST specify a unique Scheme and Hash Algorithm tuple. It is RECOMMENDED that a zone include only one ZONEMD RR, unless the zone operator is in the process of transitioning to a new scheme or hash algorithm.
3. Calculating the Digest
The algorithm described in this section is designed for the common case of offline DNSSEC signing. Slight deviations may be permitted or necessary in other situations, such as with unsigned zones or online DNSSEC signing. Implementations that deviate from the described algorithm are advised to ensure that it produces ZONEMD RRs, signatures, and denial-of-existence records that are identical to the ones generated by this procedure.
3.1. Add ZONEMD Placeholder
In preparation for calculating the zone digest(s), any existing ZONEMD records (and covering RRSIGs) at the zone apex are first deleted.
Prior to calculation of the digest, and prior to signing with DNSSEC, one or more placeholder ZONEMD records are added to the zone apex. This ensures that denial-of-existence (NSEC, NSEC3) records are created correctly if the zone is signed with DNSSEC. If placeholders were not added prior to signing, the later addition of ZONEMD records would also require updating the Type Bit Maps field of any apex NSEC/NSEC3 RRs, which then invalidates the calculated digest value.
When multiple ZONEMD RRs are published in the zone, e.g., during an algorithm rollover, each MUST specify a unique Scheme and Hash Algorithm tuple.
It is RECOMMENDED that the TTL of the ZONEMD record match the TTL of the Start of Authority (SOA). However, the TTL of the ZONEMD record may be safely ignored during verification in all cases.
In the placeholder record, the Serial field is set to the current SOA Serial. The Scheme field is set to the value for the chosen collation scheme. The Hash Algorithm field is set to the value for the chosen hash algorithm. Since apex ZONEMD records are excluded from digest calculation, the value of the Digest field does not matter at this point in the process.
3.2. Optionally, Sign the Zone
Following the addition of placeholder records, the zone may be signed with DNSSEC. When the digest calculation is complete, and the ZONEMD record is updated, the signature(s) for the ZONEMD RRset MUST be recalculated and updated as well. Therefore, the signer is not required to calculate a signature over the placeholder record at this step in the process, but it is harmless to do so.
3.3. Scheme-Specific Processing
Herein, only the SIMPLE collation scheme is defined. Additional schemes may be defined in future updates to this document.
3.3.1. The SIMPLE Scheme
For the SIMPLE scheme, the digest is calculated over the zone as a whole. This means that a change to a single RR in the zone requires iterating over all RRs in the zone to recalculate the digest. SIMPLE is a good choice for zones that are small and/or stable, but it is probably not good for zones that are large and/or dynamic.
Calculation of a zone digest requires RRs to be processed in a consistent format and ordering. This specification uses DNSSEC's canonical on-the-wire RR format (without name compression) and ordering as specified in Sections 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 of [RFC 4034] with the additional provision that RRsets having the same owner name MUST be numerically ordered, in ascending order, by their numeric RR TYPE.
3.3.1.1. SIMPLE Scheme Inclusion/Exclusion Rules
When iterating over records in the zone, the following inclusion/exclusion rules apply:
- All records in the zone, including glue records, MUST be included unless excluded by a subsequent rule.
- Occluded data (RFC 5936, Section 3.5) MUST be included.
- If there are duplicate RRs with equal owner, class, type, and RDATA, only one instance is included (RFC 4034, Section 6.3) and the duplicates MUST be omitted.
- The placeholder apex ZONEMD RR(s) MUST NOT be included.
- If the zone is signed, DNSSEC RRs MUST be included, except:
- The RRSIG covering the apex ZONEMD RRset MUST NOT be included because the RRSIG will be updated after all digests have been calculated.
3.3.1.2. SIMPLE Scheme Digest Calculation
A zone digest using the SIMPLE scheme is calculated by concatenating all RRs in the zone, in the format and order described in Section 3.3.1 subject to the inclusion/exclusion rules described in Section 3.3.1.1, and then applying the chosen hash algorithm:
digest = hash( RR(1) | RR(2) | RR(3) | ... ) where "|" denotes concatenation.
3.4. Update ZONEMD RR
The calculated zone digest is inserted into the placeholder ZONEMD RR. Repeat for each digest if multiple digests are to be published.
If the zone is signed with DNSSEC, the RRSIG record(s) covering the ZONEMD RRset MUST then be added or updated. Because the ZONEMD placeholder was added prior to signing, the zone will already have the appropriate denial-of-existence (NSEC, NSEC3) records.
Some DNSSEC implementations (especially "online signing") might update the SOA serial number whenever a new signature is made. To preserve the calculated digest, generation of a ZONEMD signature MUST NOT also result in a change to the SOA serial number. The ZONEMD RR and the matching SOA MUST be published at the same time.
4. Verifying Zone Digest
The recipient of a zone that has a ZONEMD RR verifies the zone by calculating the digest as follows:
- The verifier MUST first determine whether or not to expect DNSSEC records in the zone. By examining locally configured trust anchors and, if necessary, querying for and validating Delegation Signer (DS) RRs in the parent zone, the verifier knows whether or not the zone to be verified should include DNSSEC keys and signatures. For zones where signatures are not expected, or if DNSSEC validation is not performed, digest verification continues at step [4] below.
- For zones where signatures are expected, the existence of the apex ZONEMD record MUST be validated. If the DNSSEC data proves the ZONEMD RRset does not exist, digest verification cannot occur. If the DNSSEC data proves the ZONEMD does exist, but is not found in the zone, digest verification MUST NOT be considered successful.
- For zones where signatures are expected, the SOA and ZONEMD RRsets MUST have valid signatures, chaining up to a trust anchor. If DNSSEC validation of the SOA or ZONEMD RRsets fails, digest verification MUST NOT be considered successful.
- When multiple ZONEMD RRs are present, each MUST specify a unique Scheme and Hash Algorithm tuple. If the ZONEMD RRset contains more than one RR with the same Scheme and Hash Algorithm, digest verification for those ZONEMD RRs MUST NOT be considered successful.
-
Loop over all apex ZONEMD RRs and perform the following steps:
- The SOA Serial field MUST exactly match the ZONEMD Serial field. If the fields do not match, digest verification MUST NOT be considered successful with this ZONEMD RR.
- The Scheme field MUST be checked. If the verifier does not support the given scheme, verification MUST NOT be considered successful with this ZONEMD RR.
- The Hash Algorithm field MUST be checked. If the verifier does not support the given hash algorithm, verification MUST NOT be considered successful with this ZONEMD RR.
- The Digest field size MUST be checked. If the size of the given Digest field is smaller than 12 octets, or if the size is not equal to the size expected for the corresponding Hash Algorithm, verification MUST NOT be considered successful with this ZONEMD RR.
- The zone digest is computed over the zone data as described in Section 3.3 using the Scheme and Hash Algorithm for the current ZONEMD RR.
- The computed digest is compared to the received digest. If the two digest values match, verification is considered successful. Otherwise, verification MUST NOT be considered successful for this ZONEMD RR.
5. IANA Considerations
5.1. ZONEMD RRtype
This document defines a new DNS RR type, ZONEMD, whose value 63 has been allocated by IANA from the "Resource Record (RR) TYPEs" subregistry of the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry:
- Type:
- ZONEMD
- Value:
- 63
- Meaning:
- Message Digest Over Zone Data
- Reference:
- [RFC8976]
5.2. ZONEMD Scheme
IANA has created a new subregistry in the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry as follows:
Table 1: ZONEMD Scheme Registry
- Registry Name:
- ZONEMD Schemes
- Registration Procedure:
- Specification Required
- Reference:
- [RFC8976]
| Value | Description | Mnemonic | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Reserved | [RFC8976] | |
| 1 | Simple ZONEMD collation | SIMPLE | [RFC8976] |
| 2-239 | Unassigned | ||
| 240-254 | Private Use | N/A | [RFC8976] |
| 255 | Reserved | [RFC8976] |
5.3. ZONEMD Hash Algorithms
IANA has created a new subregistry in the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry as follows:
Table 2: ZONEMD Hash Algorithms Registry
- Registry Name:
- ZONEMD Hash Algorithms
- Registration Procedure:
- Specification Required
- Reference:
- [RFC8976]
| Value | Description | Mnemonic | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Reserved | [RFC8976] | |
| 1 | SHA-384 | SHA384 | [RFC8976] |
| 2 | SHA-512 | SHA512 | [RFC8976] |
| 3-239 | Unassigned | ||
| 240-254 | Private Use | N/A | [RFC8976] |
| 255 | Reserved | [RFC8976] |
6. Security Considerations
6.1. Using Zone Digest without DNSSEC
Users of ZONEMD with unsigned zones are advised that it provides no real protection against attacks. While zone digests can be used in the absence of DNSSEC, this only provides protection against accidental zone corruption such as transmission errors and truncation. When used in this manner, it effectively serves only as a checksum. For zones not signed with DNSSEC, an attacker can make any zone modifications appear to be valid by recomputing the Digest field of a ZONEMD RR.
6.2. Attacks against the Zone Digest
An attacker, whose goal is to modify zone content before it is used by the victim, may consider a number of different approaches.
The attacker might perform a downgrade attack to an unsigned zone. This is why Section 4 talks about determining whether or not to expect DNSSEC signatures for the zone in step [1].
The attacker might perform a downgrade attack by removing one or more ZONEMD records. Such a removal is detectable only with DNSSEC validation and is why Section 4 talks about checking denial-of-existence proofs in step [2] and signature validation in step [3].
The attacker might alter the Scheme, Hash Algorithm, or Digest fields of the ZONEMD record. Such modifications are detectable only with DNSSEC validation.
As stated in [BCP201], cryptographic algorithms age and become weaker as cryptanalysis techniques and computing resources improve with time. Implementors and publishers of zone digests should anticipate the need for algorithm agility on long timescales.
6.3. Use of Multiple ZONEMD Hash Algorithms
When a zone publishes multiple ZONEMD RRs, the overall security is only as good as the weakest hash algorithm in use. For this reason, Section 2 recommends only publishing multiple ZONEMD RRs when transitioning to a new scheme or hash algorithm. Once the transition is complete, the old scheme or hash algorithm should be removed from the ZONEMD RRset.
6.4. DNSSEC Timing Considerations
As with all DNSSEC signatures, the ability to perform signature validation of a ZONEMD record is limited in time. If the DS record(s) or trust anchors for the zone to be verified are no longer available, the recipient cannot validate the ZONEMD RRset. This could happen even if the ZONEMD signature is still current (not expired), since the zone's DS record(s) may have been withdrawn following a Key Signing Key (KSK) rollover.
For zones where it may be important to validate a ZONEMD RRset through its entire signature validity period, the zone operator should ensure that KSK rollover timing takes this into consideration.
6.5. Attacks Utilizing ZONEMD Queries
Nothing in this specification prevents clients from making, and servers from responding to, ZONEMD queries. Servers SHOULD NOT calculate zone digests dynamically (for each query) as this can be used as a CPU resource exhaustion attack.
ZONEMD responses could be used in a distributed denial-of-service amplification attack. The ZONEMD RR is moderately sized, much like the DS RR. A single ZONEMD RR contributes approximately 65 to 95 octets to a DNS response for digest types defined herein. Other RR types, such as DNS Public Key (DNSKEY), can result in larger amplification effects.
6.6. Resilience and Fragility
ZONEMD is used to detect incomplete or corrupted zone data prior to its use, thereby increasing resilience by not using corrupt data, but also introduces some denial-of-service fragility by making good data in a zone unavailable if some other data is missing or corrupt. Publishers and consumers of zones containing ZONEMD records should be aware of these trade-offs. While the intention is to secure the zone data, misconfigurations or implementation bugs are generally indistinguishable from intentional tampering and could lead to service failures when verification is performed automatically.
Zone publishers may want to deploy ZONEMD gradually perhaps by utilizing one of the Private Use hash algorithm code points listed in Section 5.3. Similarly, recipients may want to initially configure verification failures only as a warning, and later as an error after gaining experience and confidence with the feature.
7. Performance Considerations
This section is provided to make zone publishers aware of the performance requirements and implications of including ZONEMD RRs in a zone.
7.1. SIMPLE SHA384
As mentioned previously, the SIMPLE scheme may be impractical for use in zones that are either large or highly dynamic. Zone publishers should carefully consider the use of ZONEMD in such zones since it might cause consumers of zone data (e.g., secondary name servers) to expend resources on digest calculation. For such use cases, it is recommended that ZONEMD only be used when digest calculation time is significantly less than propagation times and update intervals.
The authors' implementation (Appendix B.1) includes an option to record and report CPU usage of its operation. The software was used to generate digests for more than 800 Top-Level Domain (TLD) zones available from [CZDS]. The table below summarizes the results for the SIMPLE scheme and SHA384 hash algorithm grouped by zone size. The Rate column is the mean amount of time per RR to calculate the digest, running on commodity hardware in early 2020.
Table 3
For example, based on the above table, it takes approximately 0.13 seconds to calculate a SIMPLE SHA384 digest for a zone with 22,000 RRs, and about 2.5 seconds for a zone with 300,000 RRs.
These benchmarks attempt to emulate a worst-case scenario and take into account the time required to canonicalize the zone for processing. Each of the 800+ zones were measured three times and then averaged, with a different random sorting of the input data prior to each measurement.
| Zone Size (RRs) | Rate (msec/RR) |
|---|---|
| 10 - 99 | 0.00683 |
| 100 - 999 | 0.00551 |
| 1000 - 9999 | 0.00505 |
| 10000 - 99999 | 0.00602 |
| 100000 - 999999 | 0.00845 |
| 1000000 - 9999999 | 0.0108 |
| 10000000 - 99999999 | 0.0148 |
8. Privacy Considerations
This specification has no impact on user privacy.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
- [RFC1034]
-
P.V. Mockapetris, "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc1034 - [RFC1035]
-
P.V. Mockapetris, "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035, November 1987,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc1035 - [RFC2119]
-
S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc2119 - [RFC4034]
-
R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, and S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc4034 - [RFC6234]
-
D. Eastlake 3rd, and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc6234 - [RFC8174]
-
B. Leiba, "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8174
9.2. Informative References
- [BCP201]
-
R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic Algorithm Agility and Selecting Mandatory-to-Implement Algorithms", BCP 201, RFC 7696, DOI 10.17487/RFC7696, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc7696 - [CZDS]
-
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), "Centralized Zone Data Service", October 2018,
<https://czds.icann.org/>. - [DISK-FULL-FAILURE]
-
DENIC, "Background of the Partial Failure of the Name Service for .de Domains", May 2010,
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100618032705/https://www.denic.de/en/ >.denic-in-dialogue/ news/ 2733.html - [DNS-TOOLS]
-
"DNS tools for zone signature (file, pkcs11-hsm) and validation, and zone digest (ZONEMD)", December 2020,
<https://github.com/niclabs/ >.dns-tools -
[DPRIVE-XFR-OVER-TLS]
-
Salesforce, , , , , and , "DNS Zone Transfer-over-TLS", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dprive-xfr-over-tls-05, January 2021,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/ >.draft-ietf-dprive-xfr-over-tls-05 - [InterNIC]
-
InterNIC, "Index of ftp://rs.internic.net/", May 2018,
<ftp://ftp.internic.net/domain/ >. - [LDNS-ZONE-DIGEST]
-
"Implementation of Message Digests for DNS Zones using the ldns library", January 2021,
<https://github.com/verisign/ >.ldns-zone-digest - [RFC1995]
-
M. Ohta, "Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS", RFC 1995, DOI 10.17487/RFC1995, August 1996,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc1995 - [RFC2065]
-
D. Eastlake 3rd, and C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC 2065, DOI 10.17487/RFC2065, January 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc2065 - [RFC2136]
-
P. Vixie, S. Thomson, Y. Rekhter, and J. Bound, "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", RFC 2136, DOI 10.17487/RFC2136, April 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc2136 - [RFC2535]
-
D. Eastlake 3rd, "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC 2535, DOI 10.17487/RFC2535, March 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc2535 - [RFC2931]
-
D. Eastlake 3rd, "DNS Request and Transaction Signatures ( SIG(0)s )", RFC 2931, DOI 10.17487/RFC2931, September 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc2931 - [RFC3258]
-
T. Hardie, "Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses", RFC 3258, DOI 10.17487/RFC3258, April 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc3258 - [RFC4033]
-
R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc4033 - [RFC4035]
-
R. Arends, R. Austein, M. Larson, D. Massey, and S. Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc4035 - [RFC4880]
-
J. Callas, L. Donnerhacke, H. Finney, D. Shaw, and R. Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 4880, DOI 10.17487/RFC4880, November 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc4880 - [RFC5155]
-
B. Laurie, G. Sisson, R. Arends, and D. Blacka, "DNS Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of Existence", RFC 5155, DOI 10.17487/RFC5155, March 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc5155 - [RFC5936]
-
E. Lewis, and A. Hoenes, "DNS Zone Transfer Protocol (AXFR)", RFC 5936, DOI 10.17487/RFC5936, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc5936 - [RFC8126]
-
M. Cotton, B. Leiba, and T. Narten, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8126 - [RFC8484]
-
P. Hoffman, and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8484 - [RFC8499]
-
P. Hoffman, A. Sullivan, and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499, January 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8499 - [RFC8551]
-
J. Schaad, B. Ramsdell, and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 4.0 Message Specification", RFC 8551, DOI 10.17487/RFC8551, April 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8551 - [RFC8806]
-
W. Kumari, and P. Hoffman, "Running a Root Server Local to a Resolver", RFC 8806, DOI 10.17487/RFC8806, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8806 - [RFC8901]
-
S. Huque, P. Aras, J. Dickinson, J. Vcelak, and D. Blacka, "Multi-Signer DNSSEC Models", RFC 8901, DOI 10.17487/RFC8901, September 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8901 - [RFC8945]
-
F. Dupont, S. Morris, P. Vixie, D. Eastlake 3rd, O. Gudmundsson, and B. Wellington, "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)", STD 93, RFC 8945, DOI 10.17487/RFC8945, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/ >.rfc8945 - [ROOT-SERVERS]
-
Root Server Operators, "root-servers.org", July 2018,
<https://www.root-servers.org/>. - [RPZ]
-
Wikipedia, "Response policy zone", May 2020,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/ >.index.php?title=Response_policy_zone&oldid=960043728 - [ZONE-DIGEST-HACKATHON]
-
"Prototype implementation of ZONEMD for the IETF 102 hackathon", August 2019,
<https://github.com/shane-kerr/ >.ZoneDigestHackathon - [ZONE-DIGEST-TESTS]
-
IETF, "RFC 8976 ZONEMD Test Cases", January 2021,
<https://trac.ietf.org/trac/ >.dnsop/ wiki/ RFC8976ZONEMDTestCases
Appendix A. Example Zones with Digests
This appendix contains example zones with accurate ZONEMD records. These can be used to verify an implementation of the zone digest protocol. Additional and more extensive test cases can be found via the ZONEMD Tests Wiki ([ZONE-DIGEST-TESTS]) maintained by the IETF DNSOP Working Group.
A.1. Simple EXAMPLE Zone
Here, the EXAMPLE zone contains an SOA record, NS and glue records, and a ZONEMD record.
example. 86400 IN SOA ns1 admin 2018031900 (
1800 900 604800 86400 )
86400 IN NS ns1
86400 IN NS ns2
86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 1 (
c68090d90a7aed71
6bc459f9340e3d7c
1370d4d24b7e2fc3
a1ddc0b9a87153b9
a9713b3c9ae5cc27
777f98b8e730044c )
ns1 3600 IN A 203.0.113.63
ns2 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::63
A.2. Complex EXAMPLE Zone
Here, the EXAMPLE zone contains duplicate RRs, an occluded RR, uppercase names, a wildcard, a multi-record RRset, a non-apex ZONEMD RR, and one out-of-zone RR.
example. 86400 IN SOA ns1 admin 2018031900 (
1800 900 604800 86400 )
86400 IN NS ns1
86400 IN NS ns2
86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 1 (
a3b69bad980a3504
e1cffcb0fd6397f9
3848071c93151f55
2ae2f6b1711d4bd2
d8b39808226d7b9d
b71e34b72077f8fe )
ns1 3600 IN A 203.0.113.63
NS2 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::63
occluded.sub 7200 IN TXT "I'm occluded but must be digested"
sub 7200 IN NS ns1
duplicate 300 IN TXT "I must be digested just once"
duplicate 300 IN TXT "I must be digested just once"
foo.test. 555 IN TXT "out-of-zone data must be excluded"
UPPERCASE 3600 IN TXT "canonicalize uppercase owner names"
* 777 IN PTR dont-forget-about-wildcards
mail 3600 IN MX 20 MAIL1
mail 3600 IN MX 10 Mail2.Example.
sortme 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::5:61
sortme 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::3:62
sortme 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::4:63
sortme 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::1:65
sortme 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::2:64
non-apex 900 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 1 (
616c6c6f77656420
6275742069676e6f
7265642e20616c6c
6f77656420627574
2069676e6f726564
2e20616c6c6f7765 )
A.3. EXAMPLE Zone with Multiple Digests
Here, the EXAMPLE zone contains multiple ZONEMD records. It has both SHA384 and SHA512 digests using the SIMPLE scheme. It also includes ZONEMD records with Scheme and Hash Algorithm values in the private range (240-254). These additional private-range digests are not verifiable.
example. 86400 IN SOA ns1 admin 2018031900 (
1800 900 604800 86400 )
example. 86400 IN NS ns1.example.
example. 86400 IN NS ns2.example.
example. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 1 (
62e6cf51b02e54b9
b5f967d547ce4313
6792901f9f88e637
493daaf401c92c27
9dd10f0edb1c56f8
080211f8480ee306 )
example. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 2 (
08cfa1115c7b948c
4163a901270395ea
226a930cd2cbcf2f
a9a5e6eb85f37c8a
4e114d884e66f176
eab121cb02db7d65
2e0cc4827e7a3204
f166b47e5613fd27 )
example. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 1 240 (
e2d523f654b9422a
96c5a8f44607bbee )
example. 86400 IN ZONEMD 2018031900 241 1 (
e1846540e33a9e41
89792d18d5d131f6
05fc283e )
ns1.example. 3600 IN A 203.0.113.63
ns2.example. 86400 IN TXT "This example has multiple digests"
NS2.EXAMPLE. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8::63
A.4. The URI.ARPA Zone
The following sample zone is the URI.ARPA zone retrieved 2021-01-21. Note this sample zone has been re-signed with unpublished keys, so that the added ZONEMD RR also has a signature.
uri.arpa. 3600 IN SOA sns.dns.icann.org. (
noc.dns.icann.org. 2018100702 10800 3600 1209600 3600 )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG SOA 8 2 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
GzQw+QzwLDJr13REPGVmpEChjD1D2XlX0ie1DnWHpgaEw1E/dhs3lCN3+B
mHd4Kx3tffTRgiyq65HxR6feQ5v7VmAifjyXUYB1DZur1eP5q0Ms2ygCB3
byoeMgCNsFS1oKZ2LdzNBRpy3oace8xQn1SpmHGfyrsgg+WbHKCT1dY= )
uri.arpa. 86400 IN NS a.iana-servers.net.
uri.arpa. 86400 IN NS b.iana-servers.net.
uri.arpa. 86400 IN NS c.iana-servers.net.
uri.arpa. 86400 IN NS ns2.lacnic.net.
uri.arpa. 86400 IN NS sec3.apnic.net.
uri.arpa. 86400 IN RRSIG NS 8 2 86400 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
M+Iei2lcewWGaMtkPlrhM9FpUAHXFkCHTVpeyrjxjEONeNgKtHZor5e4V4
qJBOzNqo8go/qJpWlFBm+T5Hn3asaBZVstFIYky38/C8UeRLPKq1hTTHAR
YUlFrexr5fMtSUAVOgOQPSBfH3xBq/BgSccTdRb9clD+HE7djpqrLS4= )
uri.arpa. 600 IN MX 10 pechora.icann.org.
uri.arpa. 600 IN RRSIG MX 8 2 600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
kQAJQivmv6A5hqYBK8h6Z13ESY69gmosXwKI6WE09I8RFetfrxr24ecdnY
d0lpnDtgNNSoHkYRSOoB+C4+zuJsoyAAzGo9uoWMWj97/2xeGhf3PTC9me
Q9Ohi6hul9By7OR76XYmGhdWX8PBi60RUmZ1guslFBfQ8izwPqzuphs= )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN DNSKEY 256 3 8 (
AwEAAbMxuFuLeVDuOwIMzYOTD/bTREjLflo7wOi6ieIJhqltEzgjNzmWJf
9kGwwDmzxU7kbthMEhBNBZNn84zmcyRSCMzuStWveL7xmqqUlE3swL8kLO
vdZvc75XnmpHrk3ndTyEb6eZM7slh2C63Oh6K8VR5VkiZAkEGg0uZIT3Nj
sF )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN DNSKEY 257 3 8 (
AwEAAdkTaWkZtZuRh7/OobBUFxM+ytTst+bCu0r9w+rEwXD7GbDs0pIMhM
enrZzoAvmv1fQxw2MGs6Ri6yPKfNULcFOSt9l8i6BVBLI+SKTY6XXeDUQp
SEmSaxohHeRPMQFzpysfjxINp/L2rGtZ7yPmxY/XRiFPSO0myqwGJa9r06
Zw9CHM5UDHKWV/E+zxPFq/I7CfPbrrzbUotBX7Z6Vh3Sarllbe8cGUB2UF
NaTRgwB0TwDBPRD5ER3w2Dzbry9NhbElTr7vVfhaGWeOGuqAUXwlXEg6Cr
NkmJXJ2F1Rzr9WHUzhp7uWxhAbmJREGfi2dEyPAbUAyCjBqhFaqglknvc= )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN DNSKEY 257 3 8 (
AwEAAenQaBoFmDmvRT+/H5oNbm0Tr5FmNRNDEun0Jpj/ELkzeUrTWhNpQm
ZeIMC8I0kZ185tEvOnRvn8OvV39B17QIdrvvKGIh2HlgeDRCLolhaojfn2
QM0DStjF/WWHpxJOmE6CIuvhqYEU37yoJscGAPpPVPzNvnL1HhYTaao1VR
YWQ/maMrJ+bfHg+YX1N6M/8MnRjIKBif1FWjbCKvsn6dnuGGL9oCWYUFJ3
DwofXuhgPyZMkzPc88YkJj5EMvbMH4wtelbCwC+ivx732l0w/rXJn0ciQS
OgoeVvDio8dIJmWQITWQAuP+q/ZHFEFHPlrP3gvQh5mcVS48eLX71Bq7c= )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG DNSKEY 8 2 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 12670 uri.arpa.
DBE2gkKAoxJCfz47KKxzoImN/0AKArhIVHE7TyTwy0DdRPo44V5R+vL6th
UxlQ1CJi2Rw0jwAXymx5Y3Q873pOEllH+4bJoIT4dmoBmPXfYWW7Clvw9U
PKHRP0igKHmCVwIeBYDTU3gfLcMTbR4nEWPDN0GxlL1Mf7ITaC2Ioabo79
Ip3M/MR8I3Vx/xZ4ZKKPHtLn3xUuJluPNanqJrED2gTslL2xWZ1tqjsAjJ
v7JnJo2HJ8XVRB5zBto0IaJ2oBlqcjdcQ/0VlyoM8uOy1pDwHQ2BJl7322
gNMHBP9HSiUPIOaIDNUCwW8eUcW6DIUk+s9u3GN1uTqwWzsYB/rA== )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG DNSKEY 8 2 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 30577 uri.arpa.
Kx6HwP4UlkGc1UZ7SERXtQjPajOF4iUvkwDj7MEG1xbQFB1KoJiEb/eiW0
qmSWdIhMDv8myhgauejRLyJxwxz8HDRV4xOeHWnRGfWBk4XGYwkejVzOHz
oIArVdUVRbr2JKigcTOoyFN+uu52cNB7hRYu7dH5y1hlc6UbOnzRpMtGxc
gVyKQ+/ARbIqGG3pegdEOvV49wTPWEiyY65P2urqhvnRg5ok/jzwAdMx4X
Gshiib7Ojq0sRVl2ZIzj4rFgY/qsSO8SEXEhMo2VuSkoJNiofVzYoqpxEe
GnANkIT7Tx2xJL1BWyJxyc7E8Wr2QSgCcc+rYL6IkHDtJGHy7TaQ== )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN ZONEMD 2018100702 1 1 (
0dbc3c4dbfd75777c12ca19c337854b1577799901307c482e9d91d5d15
cd934d16319d98e30c4201cf25a1d5a0254960 )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG ZONEMD 8 2 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
QDo4XZcL3HMyn8aAHyCUsu/Tqj4Gkth8xY1EqByOb8XOTwVtA4ZNQORE1s
iqNqjtJUbeJPtJSbLNqCL7rCq0CzNNnBscv6IIf4gnqJZjlGtHO30ohXtK
vEc4z7SU3IASsi6bB3nLmEAyERdYSeU6UBfx8vatQDIRhkgEnnWUTh4= )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN NSEC ftp.uri.arpa. (
NS SOA MX RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY ZONEMD )
uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG NSEC 8 2 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
dU/rXLM/naWd1+1PiWiYVaNJyCkiuyZJSccr91pJI673T8r3685B4ODMYF
afZRboVgwnl3ZrXddY6xOhZL3n9V9nxXZwjLJ2HJUojFoKcXTlpnUyYUYv
VQ2kj4GHAo6fcGCEp5QFJ2KbCpeJoS+PhKGRRx28icCiNT4/uXQvO2E= )
ftp.uri.arpa. 604800 IN NAPTR 0 0 "" "" (
"!^ftp://([^:/?#]*).*$!\\1!i" . )
ftp.uri.arpa. 604800 IN RRSIG NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
EygekDgl+Lyyq4NMSEpPyOrOywYf9Y3FAB4v1DT44J3R5QGidaH8l7ZFjH
oYFI8sY64iYOCV4sBnX/dh6C1L5NgpY+8l5065Xu3vvjyzbtuJ2k6YYwJr
rCbvl5DDn53zAhhO2hL9uLgyLraZGi9i7TFGd0sm3zNyUF/EVL0CcxU= )
ftp.uri.arpa. 3600 IN NSEC http.uri.arpa. (
NAPTR RRSIG NSEC )
ftp.uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG NSEC 8 3 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
pbP4KxevPXCu/bDqcvXiuBppXyFEmtHyiy0eAN5gS7mi6mp9Z9bWFjx/Ld
H9+6oFGYa5vGmJ5itu/4EDMe8iQeZbI8yrpM4TquB7RR/MGfBnTd8S+sjy
QtlRYG7yqEu77Vd78Fme22BKPJ+MVqjS0JHMUE/YUGomPkAjLJJwwGw= )
http.uri.arpa. 604800 IN NAPTR 0 0 "" "" (
"!^http://([^:/?#]*).*$!\\1!i" . )
http.uri.arpa. 604800 IN RRSIG NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
eTqbWvt1GvTeXozuvm4ebaAfkXFQKrtdu0cEiExto80sHIiCbO0WL8UDa/
J3cDivtQca7LgUbOb6c17NESsrsVkc6zNPx5RK2tG7ZQYmhYmtqtfg1oU5
BRdHZ5TyqIXcHlw9Blo2pir1Y9IQgshhD7UOGkbkEmvB1Lrd0aHhAAg= )
http.uri.arpa. 3600 IN NSEC mailto.uri.arpa. (
NAPTR RRSIG NSEC )
http.uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG NSEC 8 3 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
R9rlNzw1CVz2N08q6DhULzcsuUm0UKcPaGAWEU40tr81jEDHsFHNM+khCd
OI8nDstzA42aee4rwCEgijxJpRCcY9hrO1Ysrrr2fdqNz60JikMdarvU5O
0p0VXeaaJDfJQT44+o+YXaBwI7Qod3FTMx7aRib8i7istvPm1Rr7ixA= )
mailto.uri.arpa. 604800 IN NAPTR 0 0 "" "" (
"!^mailto:(.*)@(.*)$!\\2!i" . )
mailto.uri.arpa. 604800 IN RRSIG NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
Ch2zTG2F1plEvQPyIH4Yd80XXLjXOPvMbiqDjpJBcnCJsV8QF7kr0wTLnU
T3dB+asQudOjPyzaHGwFlMzmrrAsszN4XAMJ6htDtFJdsgTMP/NkHhYRSm
Vv6rLeAhd+mVfObY12M//b/GGVTjeUI/gJaLW0fLVZxr1Fp5U5CRjyw= )
mailto.uri.arpa. 3600 IN NSEC urn.uri.arpa. (
NAPTR RRSIG NSEC )
mailto.uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG NSEC 8 3 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
fQUbSIE6E7JDi2rosah4SpCOTrKufeszFyj5YEavbQuYlQ5cNFvtm8KuE2
xXMRgRI4RGvM2leVqcoDw5hS3m2pOJLxH8l2WE72YjYvWhvnwc5Rofe/8y
B/vaSK9WCnqN8y2q6Vmy73AGP0fuiwmuBra7LlkOiqmyx3amSFizwms= )
urn.uri.arpa. 604800 IN NAPTR 0 0 "" "" (
"/urn:([^:]+)/\\1/i" . )
urn.uri.arpa. 604800 IN RRSIG NAPTR 8 3 604800 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
CVt2Tgz0e5ZmaSXqRfNys/8OtVCk9nfP0zhezhN8Bo6MDt6yyKZ2kEEWJP
jkN7PCYHjO8fGjnUn0AHZI2qBNv7PKHcpR42VY03q927q85a65weOO1YE0
vPYMzACpua9TOtfNnynM2Ws0uN9URxUyvYkXBdqOC81N3sx1dVELcwc= )
urn.uri.arpa. 3600 IN NSEC uri.arpa. NAPTR RRSIG NSEC
urn.uri.arpa. 3600 IN RRSIG NSEC 8 3 3600 (
20210217232440 20210120232440 37444 uri.arpa.
JuKkMiC3/j9iM3V8/izcouXWAVGnSZjkOgEgFPhutMqoylQNRcSkbEZQzF
K8B/PIVdzZF0Y5xkO6zaKQjOzz6OkSaNPIo1a7Vyyl3wDY/uLCRRAHRJfp
knuY7O+AUNXvVVIEYJqZggd4kl/Rjh1GTzPYZTRrVi5eQidI1LqCOeg= )
A.5. The ROOT-SERVERS.NET Zone
The following sample zone is the ROOT-SERVERS.NET zone retrieved 2018-10-21.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. (
nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2018091100 14400 7200 1209600 3600000 )
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS a.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS b.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS c.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS d.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS e.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS f.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS g.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS h.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS i.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS j.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS k.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS l.root-servers.net.
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN NS m.root-servers.net.
a.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:503:ba3e::2:30
a.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 198.41.0.4
b.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN MX 20 mail.isi.edu.
b.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:200::b
b.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 199.9.14.201
c.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:2::c
c.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.33.4.12
d.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:2d::d
d.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 199.7.91.13
e.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:a8::e
e.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.203.230.10
f.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:2f::f
f.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.5.5.241
g.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:12::d0d
g.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.112.36.4
h.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:1::53
h.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 198.97.190.53
i.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN MX 10 mx.i.root-servers.org.
i.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:7fe::53
i.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.36.148.17
j.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:503:c27::2:30
j.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 192.58.128.30
k.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:7fd::1
k.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 193.0.14.129
l.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:500:9f::42
l.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 199.7.83.42
m.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN AAAA 2001:dc3::35
m.root-servers.net. 3600000 IN A 202.12.27.33
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN SOA a.root-servers.net. (
nstld.verisign-grs.com. 2018091100 14400 7200 1209600 3600000 )
root-servers.net. 3600000 IN ZONEMD 2018091100 1 1 (
f1ca0ccd91bd5573d9f431c00ee0101b2545c97602be0a97
8a3b11dbfc1c776d5b3e86ae3d973d6b5349ba7f04340f79 )
Appendix B. Implementation Status
This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of publication, and is inspired by the concepts described in RFC 7942.
Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist.
B.1. Authors' Implementation
The authors have an open-source implementation in C, using the ldns library ([LDNS-ZONE-DIGEST]). This implementation is able to perform the following functions:
- Read an input zone and output a zone with the ZONEMD placeholder.
- Compute the zone digest over the signed zone and update the ZONEMD record.
- Recompute DNSSEC signatures over the ZONEMD record.
- Verify the zone digest from an input zone.
- Perform DNSSEC validation of the ZONEMD record during verification.
B.2. Shane Kerr's Implementation
Shane Kerr wrote an implementation of this specification during the IETF 102 hackathon ([ZONE-DIGEST-HACKATHON]). This implementation is in Python and is able to perform the following functions:
- Read an input zone and output a zone with ZONEMD record.
- Verify the zone digest from an input zone.
- Output the ZONEMD record in its defined presentation format.
- Recompute DNSSEC signatures over the ZONEMD record.
- Perform DNSSEC validation of the ZONEMD record.
B.3. NIC Chile Lab's Implementation
NIC Chile Labs wrote an implementation of this specification as part of "dns-tools" suite ([DNS-TOOLS]), which besides digesting, can also sign and verify zones. This implementation is in Go and is able to perform the following functions:
- Compute zone digest over signed zone and update the ZONEMD record.
- Verify the zone digest from an input zone.
- Perform DNSSEC validation of the ZONEMD record during verification.
- Recompute DNSSEC signatures over the ZONEMD record.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank David Blacka, Scott Hollenbeck, and Rick Wilhelm for providing feedback on early drafts of this document. Additionally, they thank Joe Abley, Mark Andrews, Ralph Dolmans, Donald Eastlake 3rd, Richard Gibson, Olafur Gudmundsson, Bob Harold, Paul Hoffman, Evan Hunt, Shumon Huque, Tatuya Jinmei, Mike St. Johns, Burt Kaliski, Shane Kerr, Matt Larson, Barry Leiba, John Levine, Ed Lewis, Matt Pounsett, Mukund Sivaraman, Petr Spacek, Ondrej Sury, Willem Toorop, Florian Weimer, Tim Wicinski, Wouter Wijngaards, Paul Wouters, and other members of the DNSOP Working Group for their input.
The authors would again like to thank Tim Wicinski, who served as the Document Shepherd for this document.
Authors' Addresses
Duane Wessels
Verisign
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston VA 20190
United States of America
Phone: +1 703 948-3200
Email: dwessels@verisign.com
URI: https://verisign.com
Piet Barber
Verisign
12061 Bluemont Way
Reston VA 20190
United States of America
Phone: +1 703 948-3200
Email: pbarber@verisign.com
URI: https://verisign.com
Matt Weinberg
Amazon
Email: matweinb@amazon.com
URI: https://amazon.com
Warren Kumari
Google
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View CA 94043
United States of America
Email: warren@kumari.net
Wes Hardaker
USC/ISI
P.O. Box 382
Davis CA 95617
United States of America
Email: ietf@hardakers.net
