RFC 8482
Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS Queries That Have QTYPE=ANY
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Abley Request for Comments: 8482 Afilias Updates: 1034, 1035 O. Gudmundsson Category: Standards Track M. Majkowski ISSN: 2070-1721 Cloudflare Inc. E. Hunt ISC January 2019 Providing Minimal-Sized Responses to DNS Queries That Have QTYPE=ANYAbstract
The Domain Name System (DNS) specifies a query type (QTYPE) "ANY". The operator of an authoritative DNS server might choose not to respond to such queries for reasons of local policy, motivated by security, performance, or other reasons. The DNS specification does not include specific guidance for the behavior of DNS servers or clients in this situation. This document aims to provide such guidance. This document updates RFCs 1034 and 1035. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8482.
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1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Terminology ................................................3 2. Motivations for Use of ANY Queries ..............................3 3. General Approach ................................................4 4. Behavior of DNS Responders ......................................5 4.1. Answer with a Subset of Available RRsets ...................5 4.2. Answer with a Synthesized HINFO RRset ......................5 4.3. Answer with Best Guess as to Intention .....................6 4.4. Transport Considerations ...................................6 5. Behavior of DNS Initiators ......................................7 6. HINFO Considerations ............................................7 7. Updates to RFCs 1034 and 1035 ...................................7 8. Implementation Experience .......................................8 9. Security Considerations .........................................8 10. IANA Considerations ............................................9 11. References .....................................................9 11.1. Normative References ......................................9 11.2. Informative References ....................................9 Acknowledgements ..................................................10 Authors' Addresses ................................................10
1. Introduction
The Domain Name System (DNS) specifies a query type (QTYPE) "ANY". The operator of an authoritative DNS server might choose not to respond to such queries for reasons of local policy, motivated by security, performance, or other reasons. The DNS specification [RFC1034] [RFC1035] does not include specific guidance for the behavior of DNS servers or clients in this situation. This document aims to provide such guidance.1.1. Terminology
This document uses terminology specific to the Domain Name System (DNS), descriptions of which can be found in [RFC8499]. [RFC1035] defined type 255 to be "*". However, DNS implementations commonly use the keyword "ANY" to refer to that type code; this document follows that common usage. In this document, "ANY query" refers to a DNS meta-query with QTYPE=ANY. An "ANY response" is a response to such a query. In this document, "conventional ANY response" means an ANY response that is constructed in accordance with the algorithm documented in Section 4.3.2 of [RFC1034] and specifically without implementing any of the mechanisms described in this document. In an exchange of DNS messages between two hosts, this document refers to the host sending a DNS request as the "initiator" and the host sending a DNS response as the "responder". The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.2. Motivations for Use of ANY Queries
ANY queries are legitimately used for debugging and checking the state of a DNS server for a particular name. ANY queries are sometimes used as an attempt to reduce the number of queries needed to get information, e.g., to obtain MX, A, and AAAA resource record sets (RRsets) for a mail domain in a single query. However, there is no documented guidance available for this use case, and some implementations have been observed not to function as their
developers expected. If implementers assume that an ANY query will ultimately be received by an authoritative server and will fetch all existing RRsets, they should include a fallback mechanism to use when that does not happen. ANY queries are frequently used to exploit the amplification potential of DNS servers and resolvers using spoofed source addresses and UDP transport (see [RFC5358]). Having the ability to return small responses to such queries makes DNS servers less attractive amplifiers. ANY queries are sometimes used to help mine authoritative-only DNS servers for zone data, since they are expected to return all RRsets for a particular query name. If DNS operators prefer to reduce the potential for information leaks, they might choose not to send large ANY responses. Some authoritative-only DNS server implementations require additional processing in order to send a conventional ANY response; avoiding that processing expense might be desirable.3. General Approach
This proposal provides a mechanism for an authoritative DNS server to signal that conventional ANY queries are not supported for a particular QNAME. It does so in a way that is both compatible with and triggers desirable behavior by unmodified clients (e.g., DNS resolvers). Alternative proposals for dealing with ANY queries have been discussed. One approach proposes using a new RCODE to signal that an authoritative server did not answer ANY queries in the standard way. This approach was found to have an undesirable effect on both resolvers and authoritative-only servers; resolvers receiving an unknown RCODE would resend the same query to all available authoritative servers rather than suppress future ANY queries for the same QNAME. The proposal described in this document avoids that outcome by returning a non-empty RRset in the ANY response, which provides resolvers with something to cache and effectively suppresses repeat queries to the same or different authoritative DNS servers.
4. Behavior of DNS Responders
Below are the three different modes of behavior by DNS responders when processing queries with QNAMEs that exist, QCLASS=IN, and QTYPE=ANY. Operators and implementers are free to choose whichever mechanism best suits their environment. 1. A DNS responder can choose to select one or a larger subset of the available RRsets at the QNAME. 2. A DNS responder can return a synthesized HINFO resource record. See Section 6 for discussion of the use of HINFO. 3. A resolver can try to give out the most likely records the requester wants. This is not always possible, and the result might well be a large response. Except as described below in this section, the DNS responder MUST follow the standard algorithms when constructing a response.4.1. Answer with a Subset of Available RRsets
A DNS responder that receives an ANY query MAY decline to provide a conventional ANY response or MAY instead send a response with a single RRset (or a larger subset of available RRsets) in the answer section. The RRsets returned in the answer section of the response MAY consist of a single RRset owned by the name specified in the QNAME. Where multiple RRsets exist, the responder SHOULD choose a small subset of those available to reduce the amplification potential of the response. If the zone is signed, appropriate RRSIG records MUST be included in the answer. Note that this mechanism does not provide any signaling to indicate to a client that an incomplete subset of the available RRsets has been returned.4.2. Answer with a Synthesized HINFO RRset
If there is no CNAME present at the owner name matching the QNAME, the resource record returned in the response MAY instead be synthesized. In this case, a single HINFO resource record SHOULD be returned. The CPU field of the HINFO RDATA SHOULD be set to "RFC8482". The OS field of the HINFO RDATA SHOULD be set to the null string to minimize the size of the response.
The TTL encoded for the synthesized HINFO resource record SHOULD be chosen by the operator of the DNS responder to be large enough to suppress frequent subsequent ANY queries from the same initiator with the same QNAME, understanding that a TTL that is too long might make policy changes relating to ANY queries difficult to change in the future. The specific value used SHOULD be configurable by the operator of the nameserver according to local policy, based on the familiar considerations involved in choosing a TTL value for any resource record in any zone. If the DNS query includes DO=1 and the QNAME corresponds to a zone that is known by the responder to be signed, a valid RRSIG for the RRsets in the answer (or authority if answer is empty) section MUST be returned. In the case of DO=0, the RRSIG SHOULD be omitted. A system that receives an HINFO response SHOULD NOT infer that the response was generated according to this specification and apply any special processing of the response because, in general, it is not possible to tell with certainty whether the HINFO RRset received was synthesized. In particular, systems SHOULD NOT rely upon the HINFO RDATA described in this section to distinguish between synthesized and non-synthesized HINFO RRsets.4.3. Answer with Best Guess as to Intention
In some cases, it is possible to guess what the initiator wants in the answer (but not always). Some implementations have implemented the spirit of this document by returning all RRsets of RRTYPE CNAME, MX, A, and AAAA that are present at the owner name while suppressing others. This heuristic seems to work well in practice; it satisfies the needs of some applications whilst suppressing other RRsets such as TXT and DNSKEY that can often contribute to large responses. Whilst some applications may be satisfied by this behavior, the resulting responses in the general case are larger than in the approaches described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. As before, if the zone is signed and the DO bit is set on the corresponding query, an RRSIG RRset MUST be included in the response.4.4. Transport Considerations
A DNS responder MAY behave differently when processing ANY queries received over different transports, e.g., by providing a conventional ANY response over TCP whilst using one of the other mechanisms specified in this document in the case where a query was received using UDP.
Implementers MAY provide configuration options to allow operators to specify different behavior over different transports.5. Behavior of DNS Initiators
A DNS initiator that sends a query with QTYPE=ANY and receives a response containing an HINFO resource record or a single RRset, as described in Section 4, MAY cache the response in the normal way. Such cached resource records SHOULD be retained in the cache following normal caching semantics, as with any other response received from a DNS responder. A DNS initiator MAY suppress queries with QTYPE=ANY in the event that the local cache contains a matching HINFO resource record with the CPU field of the HINFO RDATA, as described in Section 4. A DNS initiator MAY instead respond to such queries with the contents of the local cache in the usual way.6. HINFO Considerations
It is possible that the synthesized HINFO RRset in an ANY response, once cached by the initiator, might suppress subsequent queries from the same initiator with QTYPE=HINFO. Thus, the use of HINFO in this proposal would effectively mask the HINFO RRset present in the zone. Operators of authoritative servers who serve zones that rely upon conventional use of the HINFO RRTYPE SHOULD sensibly choose the "single RRset" method described in this document or select another type. The HINFO RRTYPE is believed to be rarely used in the DNS at the time of writing, based on observations made in passive DNS and at recursive and authoritative DNS servers.7. Updates to RFCs 1034 and 1035
This document extends the specification for processing ANY queries described in Section 4.3.2 of [RFC1034]. It is important to note that returning a subset of available RRsets when processing an ANY query is legitimate and consistent with [RFC1035]; it can be argued that ANY does not always mean ALL, as used in Section 3.2.3 of [RFC1035]. The main difference here is that the TC bit SHOULD NOT be set in the response, thus indicating that this is not a complete answer.
This document describes optional behavior for both DNS initiators and responders; implementation of the guidance provided by this document is OPTIONAL. RRSIG queries (i.e., queries with QTYPE=RRSIG) are similar to ANY queries in the sense that they have the potential to generate large responses as well as extra work for the responders that process them, e.g., in the case where signatures are generated on the fly. RRSIG RRsets are not usually obtained using such explicit queries but are rather included in the responses for other RRsets that the RRSIGs cover. This document does not specify appropriate behavior for RRSIG queries; however, future such advice might well benefit from consistency with and experience with the approaches for ANY queries described here.8. Implementation Experience
In October 2015, the Cloudflare authoritative nameserver implementation implemented the HINFO response. A few minor problems were reported and have since been resolved. An implementation of the subset-mode response to ANY queries was implemented in NSD 4.1 in 2016. An implementation of a single RRset response to an ANY query was made for BIND9 by Tony Finch, and that functionality was subsequently made available in production releases starting in BIND 9.11.9. Security Considerations
Queries with QTYPE=ANY are frequently observed as part of reflection attacks, since a relatively small query can be used to elicit a large response. This is a desirable characteristic if the goal is to maximize the amplification potential of a DNS server as part of a volumetric attack. The ability of a DNS operator to suppress such responses on a particular server makes that server a less useful amplifier. The optional behavior described in this document to reduce the size of responses to queries with QTYPE=ANY is compatible with the use of DNSSEC by both initiator and responder.
10. IANA Considerations
IANA has updated the following entry in the "Resource Record (RR) TYPEs" registry [RR_TYPES]: +------+-------+-------------------------------+--------------------+ | TYPE | Value | Meaning | Reference | +------+-------+-------------------------------+--------------------+ | * | 255 | A request for some or all | [RFC1035][RFC6895] | | | | records the server has | [RFC8482] | | | | available | | +------+-------+-------------------------------+--------------------+11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>. [RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035, November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.11.2. Informative References
[RFC5358] Damas, J. and F. Neves, "Preventing Use of Recursive Nameservers in Reflector Attacks", BCP 140, RFC 5358, DOI 10.17487/RFC5358, October 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5358>. [RFC6895] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations", BCP 42, RFC 6895, DOI 10.17487/RFC6895, April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6895>. [RFC8499] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499, January 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8499>.
[RR_TYPES] IANA, "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters>.Acknowledgements
David Lawrence provided valuable observations and concrete suggestions. Jeremy Laidman helped make the document better. Tony Finch realized that this document was valuable and implemented it while under attack. Richard Gibson identified areas where more detail and accuracy were useful. A large number of other people also provided comments and suggestions; we thank them all for the feedback.Authors' Addresses
Joe Abley Afilias 300-184 York Street London, ON N6A 1B5 Canada Phone: +1 519 670 9327 Email: jabley@afilias.info Olafur Gudmundsson Cloudflare Inc. Email: olafur+ietf@cloudflare.com Marek Majkowski Cloudflare Inc. Email: marek@cloudflare.com Evan Hunt ISC 950 Charter St Redwood City, CA 94063 United States of America Email: each@isc.org