7. Configuration Considerations
When configuring a MIB OID for export, consideration should be given to whether the SNMP context should also be configurable. If a non-default context is used, then it should be associated with the fields as per Section 5.6.
8. The Collecting Process's Side
The specifications in Section 9 of [RFC7011] also apply to Collectors that implement this specification. In addition, the following specifications should be noted: o A Collecting Process that implements this specification MUST store the Data Records containing the OID object type definitions with the same retention policy as Templates. o A Collecting Process that implements this specification SHOULD have access to MIB modules in order to look up the received MIB Object Identifiers and find the full type definition and name of MIB OID fields used in received Templates. o It should be noted that, because reduced-size encoding MAY be used by the Exporting Process, the Collecting Process cannot assume that a received size for a field is the maximum size it should expect for that field. o If a Collecting Process receives a MIB Object Identifier that it cannot decode, it MAY log a warning. o A Collecting Process MUST support the three options for handling columnar objects detailed in Section 5.8.9. Applicability
Making available the many and varied items from MIB modules opens up a wide range of possible applications for the IPFIX protocol, some quite different from the usual Flow information. Some monitoring applications periodically export a mapping of interface ID to interface name using IPFIX Options Templates. This could be expanded to include the ifInUcastPkts MIB object as defined in the IF-MIB [RFC2863], indexed using the ingressInterface Information Element. This would provide the input statistics for each interface; these statistics can be compared to the Flow information to ensure that the sampling rate is as expected, or, in the absence of sampling, to ensure that all expected packets are being monitored.
10. Security Considerations
For this extension to the IPFIX protocol, the same security considerations as those for the IPFIX protocol apply [RFC7011]. If the Exporter is generating or capturing the field values itself, e.g., using the MIB objects only as an encoding or type mechanism, there are no extra security considerations beyond standard IPFIX. However, if the Exporter is implemented as an SNMP manager accessing an SNMP agent, it MUST authenticate itself to the SNMP agent [RFC3414] [RFC5591] [RFC5592] [RFC6353], and the SNMP agent MUST enforce SNMP access control rules [RFC3415] as required by the SNMP architecture [RFC3411]. Access to particular MIB objects is controlled by the configuration of the IPFIX Exporter. This is consistent with the way IPFIX controls access to other Information Elements in general. The configuration of an IPFIX Exporter determines which MIB objects are included in IPFIX Data Records sent to certain Collectors. Network operators should take care that the only MIB objects that are included in IPFIX Data Records are objects that the receiving Collector is allowed to receive. Note that multiple users may have access to the data from the Collector. When exporting MIB objects that may be considered sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments (as mentioned in the Security Considerations section of the RFC containing the MIB module), the Exporter should consider using anonymization techniques per [RFC6235] if the information is anonymizable. Consumers of exported data should therefore be able to handle the kinds of data modifications that are described in [RFC6235].
11. IANA Considerations
11.1. New IPFIX Semantics
New IPFIX semantics have been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX] per Section 6 of [RFC7012], as defined in the subsections below.11.1.1. snmpCounter
An integral value reporting the value of a counter, identical to the Counter32 and Counter64 semantics in [RFC2578], as determined by the Field Length. This is similar to IPFIX's totalCounter semantic, except that total counters have an initial value of 0 but SNMP counters do not. IANA has assigned value 7 to snmpCounter.11.1.2. snmpGauge
An integral value identical to the Gauge32 semantic in [RFC2578] and the Gauge64 semantic in [RFC2856], as determined by the Field Length. IANA has assigned value 8 to snmpGauge.
11.2. New IPFIX Information Elements
The new Information Elements in Table 10 have been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], as defined in the subsections below. In each case, the "Units" and "Range" have been left blank, since these are not applicable. +-----------+---------------------------+ | ElementId | Name | +-----------+---------------------------+ | 434 | mibObjectValueInteger | | 435 | mibObjectValueOctetString | | 436 | mibObjectValueOID | | 437 | mibObjectValueBits | | 438 | mibObjectValueIPAddress | | 439 | mibObjectValueCounter | | 440 | mibObjectValueGauge | | 441 | mibObjectValueTimeTicks | | 442 | mibObjectValueUnsigned | | 443 | mibObjectValueTable | | 444 | mibObjectValueRow | | 445 | mibObjectIdentifier | | 446 | mibSubIdentifier | | 447 | mibIndexIndicator | | 448 | mibCaptureTimeSemantics | | 449 | mibContextEngineID | | 450 | mibContextName | | 451 | mibObjectName | | 452 | mibObjectDescription | | 453 | mibObjectSyntax | | 454 | mibModuleName | +-----------+---------------------------+ Table 10: New Information Elements11.2.1. New MIB Object Value Information Elements
11.2.1.1. mibObjectValueInteger
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueInteger" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that the integer value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information
Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of Integer32 and INTEGER with IPFIX reduced-size encoding used as required. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of signed32. Abstract Data Type: signed32 Data Type Semantics: quantity ElementId: 434 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.2. mibObjectValueOctetString
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueOctetString" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that an Octet String or Opaque value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of OCTET STRING and Opaque. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of octetArray. Abstract Data Type: octetArray Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 435 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.3. mibObjectValueOID
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueOID" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that an Object Identifier or OID value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This
Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Note: In this case, the "mibObjectIdentifier" defines which MIB object is being exported, and the "mibObjectValueOID" field will contain the OID value of that MIB object. The mibObjectValueOID Information Element is encoded as ASN.1/BER [X.690] in an octetArray. Abstract Data Type: octetArray Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 436 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.4. mibObjectValueBits
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueBits" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that a set of Enumerated flags or bits from a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of BITS. The flags or bits are encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of octetArray, with sufficient length to accommodate the required number of bits. If the number of bits is not an integer multiple of octets, then the most significant bits at the end of the octetArray MUST be set to 0. Abstract Data Type: octetArray Data Type Semantics: flags ElementId: 437 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.1.5. mibObjectValueIPAddress
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueIPAddress" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that the IPv4 address value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of IpAddress. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of ipv4Address. Abstract Data Type: ipv4Address Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 438 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.6. mibObjectValueCounter
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueCounter" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that the counter value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of Counter32 or Counter64 with IPFIX reduced-size encoding used as required. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of unsigned64. Abstract Data Type: unsigned64 Data Type Semantics: snmpCounter ElementId: 439 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.1.7. mibObjectValueGauge
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueGauge" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that the Gauge value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of Gauge32. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of unsigned32. This value represents a non-negative integer that may increase or decrease but that shall never exceed a maximum value or fall below a minimum value. Abstract Data Type: unsigned32 Data Type Semantics: snmpGauge ElementId: 440 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.8. mibObjectValueTimeTicks
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueTimeTicks" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that the TimeTicks value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of TimeTicks. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of unsigned32. Abstract Data Type: unsigned32 Data Type Semantics: quantity ElementId: 441 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.1.9. mibObjectValueUnsigned
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueUnsigned" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that an unsigned integer value of a MIB object will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with the Base syntax of unsigned32 with IPFIX reduced-size encoding used as required. The value is encoded as per the standard IPFIX Abstract Data Type of unsigned32. Abstract Data Type: unsigned32 Data Type Semantics: quantity ElementId: 442 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.1.10. mibObjectValueTable
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueTable" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that a complete or partial conceptual table will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with a syntax of SEQUENCE OF. This is encoded as a subTemplateList of mibObjectValue Information Elements. The Template specified in the subTemplateList MUST be an Options Template and MUST include all the objects listed in the INDEX clause as Scope Fields. Abstract Data Type: subTemplateList Data Type Semantics: list ElementId: 443 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.1.11. mibObjectValueRow
A new Information Element "mibObjectValueRow" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that a single row of a conceptual table will be exported. The MIB Object Identifier ("mibObjectIdentifier") for this field MUST be exported in a MIB Field Option or via another means. This Information Element is used for MIB objects with a syntax of SEQUENCE. This is encoded as a subTemplateList of mibObjectValue Information Elements. The subTemplateList exported MUST contain exactly one row (i.e., one instance of the subTemplate). The Template specified in the subTemplateList MUST be an Options Template and MUST include all the objects listed in the INDEX clause as Scope Fields. Abstract Data Type: subTemplateList Data Type Semantics: list ElementId: 444 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.2. New MIB Field Options Information Elements
11.2.2.1. mibObjectIdentifier
A new Information Element "mibObjectIdentifier" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An IPFIX Information Element that denotes that a MIB Object Identifier (MIB OID) is exported in the (Options) Template Record. The mibObjectIdentifier Information Element contains the OID assigned to the MIB object type definition encoded as ASN.1/BER [X.690]. Abstract Data Type: octetArray Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 445
Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.2.2. mibSubIdentifier
A new Information Element "mibSubIdentifier" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: A non-negative sub-identifier of an Object Identifier (OID). Abstract Data Type: unsigned32 Data Type Semantics: identifier ElementId: 446 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.2.3. mibIndexIndicator
A new Information Element "mibIndexIndicator" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: A set of bit fields that is used for marking the Information Elements of a Data Record that serve as INDEX MIB objects for an indexed columnar MIB object. Each bit represents an Information Element in the Data Record, with the n-th least significant bit representing the n-th Information Element. A bit set to 1 indicates that the corresponding Information Element is an index of the columnar object represented by the mibObjectValue. A bit set to 0 indicates that this is not the case. If the Data Record contains more than 64 Information Elements, the corresponding Template SHOULD be designed such that all index fields are among the first 64 Information Elements, because the mibIndexIndicator only contains 64 bits. If the Data Record contains less than 64 Information Elements, then the extra bits in the mibIndexIndicator for which no corresponding Information Element exists MUST have the value 0 and must be disregarded by the Collector. This Information Element may be exported with IPFIX reduced-size encoding.
Abstract Data Type: unsigned64 Data Type Semantics: flags ElementId: 447 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.2.4. mibCaptureTimeSemantics
A new Information Element "mibCaptureTimeSemantics" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: Indicates when in the lifetime of the Flow the MIB value was retrieved from the MIB for a mibObjectIdentifier. This is used to indicate if the value exported was collected from the MIB closer to Flow creation or Flow export time and refers to the Timestamp fields included in the same Data Record. This field SHOULD be used when exporting a mibObjectValue that specifies counters or statistics. If the MIB value was sampled by SNMP prior to the IPFIX Metering Process or Exporting Process retrieving the value (i.e., the data is already stale) and it is important to know the exact sampling time, then an additional observationTime* element should be paired with the OID using IPFIX Structured Data [RFC6313]. Similarly, if different MIB capture times apply to different mibObjectValue elements within the Data Record, then individual mibCaptureTimeSemantics Information Elements should be paired with each OID using IPFIX Structured Data.
Values: 0 undefined 1 begin - The value for the MIB object is captured from the MIB when the Flow is first observed 2 end - The value for the MIB object is captured from the MIB when the Flow ends 3 export - The value for the MIB object is captured from the MIB at export time 4 average - The value for the MIB object is an average of multiple captures from the MIB over the observed life of the Flow Abstract Data Type: unsigned8 Data Type Semantics: identifier ElementId: 448 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.2.5. mibContextEngineID
A new Information Element "mibContextEngineID" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: A mibContextEngineID that specifies the SNMP engine ID for a MIB field being exported over IPFIX. Definition as per [RFC3411], Section 3.3. Abstract Data Type: octetArray Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 449 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.2.6. mibContextName
A new Information Element "mibContextName" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: An Information Element that denotes that a MIB context name is specified for a MIB field being exported over IPFIX. Reference [RFC3411], Section 3.3. Abstract Data Type: string Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 450 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.3. New MIB Type Information Elements
11.2.3.1. mibObjectName
A new Information Element "mibObjectName" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: The name (called a descriptor in [RFC2578]) of an object type definition. Abstract Data Type: string Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 451 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.3.2. mibObjectDescription
A new Information Element "mibObjectDescription" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: The value of the DESCRIPTION clause of a MIB object type definition. Abstract Data Type: string Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 452 Status: current Reference: RFC 803811.2.3.3. mibObjectSyntax
A new Information Element "mibObjectSyntax" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: The value of the SYNTAX clause of a MIB object type definition, which may include a textual convention or sub-typing. See [RFC2578]. Abstract Data Type: string Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 453 Status: current Reference: RFC 8038
11.2.3.4. mibModuleName
A new Information Element "mibModuleName" has been allocated in IANA's IPFIX registry [IANA-IPFIX], with the following definition: Description: The textual name of the MIB module that defines a MIB object. Abstract Data Type: string Data Type Semantics: default ElementId: 454 Status: current Reference: RFC 803812. References
12.1. Normative References
[IANA-IPFIX] IANA, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Entities", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipfix/>. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>. [RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J. Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management Information Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, DOI 10.17487/RFC2578, April 1999, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2578>. [RFC2856] Bierman, A., McCloghrie, K., and R. Presuhn, "Textual Conventions for Additional High Capacity Data Types", RFC 2856, DOI 10.17487/RFC2856, June 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2856>. [RFC3411] Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC 3411, DOI 10.17487/RFC3411, December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3411>.
[RFC6526] Claise, B., Aitken, P., Johnson, A., and G. Muenz, "IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Per Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Stream", RFC 6526, DOI 10.17487/RFC6526, March 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6526>. [RFC7011] Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken, "Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77, RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>. [RFC7012] Claise, B., Ed., and B. Trammell, Ed., "Information Model for IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 7012, DOI 10.17487/RFC7012, September 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7012>. [X.690] International Telecommunication Union, "Information Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1, August 2015, <https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.690>.12.2. Informative References
[CISCO-PROCESS-MIB] Cisco Systems Inc., "CISCO-PROCESS-MIB.my: MIB for CPU and process statistics", <ftp://ftp.cisco.com/pub/mibs/v2/ CISCO-PROCESS-MIB.my>. [RFC2863] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2863>. [RFC2982] Kavasseri, R., Ed., "Distributed Management Expression MIB", RFC 2982, DOI 10.17487/RFC2982, October 2000, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2982>. [RFC3414] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv3)", STD 62, RFC 3414, DOI 10.17487/RFC3414, December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3414>.
[RFC3415] Wijnen, B., Presuhn, R., and K. McCloghrie, "View-based Access Control Model (VACM) for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC 3415, DOI 10.17487/RFC3415, December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3415>. [RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444, DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3444>. [RFC4022] Raghunarayan, R., Ed., "Management Information Base for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)", RFC 4022, DOI 10.17487/RFC4022, March 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4022>. [RFC4293] Routhier, S., Ed., "Management Information Base for the Internet Protocol (IP)", RFC 4293, DOI 10.17487/RFC4293, April 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4293>. [RFC4750] Joyal, D., Ed., Galecki, P., Ed., Giacalone, S., Ed., Coltun, R., and F. Baker, "OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base", RFC 4750, DOI 10.17487/RFC4750, December 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4750>. [RFC4960] Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>. [RFC5102] Quittek, J., Bryant, S., Claise, B., Aitken, P., and J. Meyer, "Information Model for IP Flow Information Export", RFC 5102, DOI 10.17487/RFC5102, January 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5102>. [RFC5476] Claise, B., Ed., Johnson, A., and J. Quittek, "Packet Sampling (PSAMP) Protocol Specifications", RFC 5476, DOI 10.17487/RFC5476, March 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5476>. [RFC5591] Harrington, D. and W. Hardaker, "Transport Security Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 78, RFC 5591, DOI 10.17487/RFC5591, June 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5591>. [RFC5592] Harrington, D., Salowey, J., and W. Hardaker, "Secure Shell Transport Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", RFC 5592, DOI 10.17487/RFC5592, June 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5592>.
[RFC6235] Boschi, E. and B. Trammell, "IP Flow Anonymization Support", RFC 6235, DOI 10.17487/RFC6235, May 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6235>. [RFC6313] Claise, B., Dhandapani, G., Aitken, P., and S. Yates, "Export of Structured Data in IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 6313, DOI 10.17487/RFC6313, July 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6313>. [RFC6353] Hardaker, W., "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Transport Model for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 78, RFC 6353, DOI 10.17487/RFC6353, July 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6353>.Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Andrew Johnson for his collaboration on the first draft version of this document, and to thank Andrew Feren and Brian Trammell for their detailed reviews. Juergen Schoenwaelder was partly funded by Flamingo, a Network of Excellence project (ICT-318488) supported by the European Commission under its Seventh Framework Programme.Authors' Addresses
Paul Aitken (editor) Brocade Communications Systems, Inc. 19a Canning Street, Level 3 Edinburgh, Scotland EH3 8EG United Kingdom Phone: +44 203 005 0731 Email: paitken@brocade.com Benoit Claise Cisco Systems, Inc. De Kleetlaan 6a b1 Diegem 1813 Belgium Phone: +32 2 704 5622 Email: bclaise@cisco.com
Srikar B S Mojo Networks, Inc. S. No. 7, Pinnac House II Kothrud, Pune 411038 India Phone: +91 94 4847 6672 Email: srikarbs@gmail.com Colin McDowall Brocade Communications Systems, Inc. 19a Canning Street, Level 3 Edinburgh, Scotland EH3 8EG United Kingdom Phone: +44 203 005 0687 Email: cmcdowal@brocade.com Juergen Schoenwaelder Jacobs University Bremen Campus Ring 1 Bremen 28725 Germany Phone: +49 421 200 3587 Email: j.schoenwaelder@jacobs-university.de