RFC 7536
Large-Scale Broadband Measurement Use Cases
Pages: 17
Informational
Informational
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) M. Linsner Request for Comments: 7536 Cisco Systems Category: Informational P. Eardley ISSN: 2070-1721 T. Burbridge BT F. Sorensen Nkom May 2015 Large-Scale Broadband Measurement Use CasesAbstract
Measuring broadband performance on a large scale is important for network diagnostics by providers and users, as well as for public policy. Understanding the various scenarios and users of measuring broadband performance is essential to development of the Large-scale Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP) framework, information model, and protocol. This document details two use cases that can assist in developing that framework. The details of the measurement metrics themselves are beyond the scope of this document. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7536.
Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 2. Use Cases .......................................................3 2.1. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Use Case ...................3 2.2. Regulator Use Case .........................................4 3. Details of ISP Use Case .........................................5 3.1. Understanding the Quality Experienced by Customers .........5 3.2. Understanding the Impact and Operation of New Devices and Technology .............................................6 3.3. Design and Planning ........................................6 3.4. Monitoring Service Level Agreements ........................7 3.5. Identifying, Isolating, and Fixing Network Problems ........7 4. Details of Regulator Use Case ...................................8 4.1. Providing Transparent Performance Information ..............8 4.2. Measuring Broadband Deployment .............................9 4.3. Monitoring Traffic Management Practices ...................10 5. Implementation Options .........................................10 6. Conclusions ....................................................12 7. Security Considerations ........................................13 8. Informative References .........................................15 Contributors ......................................................17 Authors' Addresses ................................................17
1. Introduction
This document describes two use cases for the Large-scale Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP). The use cases contained in this document are (1) the Internet Service Provider Use Case and (2) the Regulator Use Case. In the first, a network operator wants to understand the performance of the network and the quality experienced by customers, while in the second, a regulator wants to provide information on the performance of the ISPs in their jurisdiction. There are other use cases that are not the focus of the initial LMAP work (for example, end users would like to use measurements to help identify problems in their home network and to monitor the performance of their broadband provider); it is expected that the same mechanisms are applicable. Large-scale measurements raise several security concerns, including privacy issues. These are summarized in Section 7 and considered in further detail in [Framework].2. Use Cases
From the LMAP perspective, there is no difference between fixed service and mobile (cellular) service used for Internet access. Hence, like measurements will take place on both fixed and mobile networks. Fixed services include technologies like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable, and Carrier Ethernet. Mobile services include all those advertised as 2G, 3G, 4G, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). A metric defined to measure end-to-end services will execute similarly on all access technologies. Other metrics may be access technology specific. The LMAP architecture covers both IPv4 and IPv6 networks.2.1. Internet Service Provider (ISP) Use Case
A network operator needs to understand the performance of their networks, the performance of the suppliers (downstream and upstream networks), the performance of Internet access services, and the impact that such performance has on the experience of their customers. Largely, the processes that ISPs operate (which are based on network measurement) include: o Identifying, isolating, and fixing problems, which may be in the network, with the service provider, or in the end-user equipment. Such problems may be common to a point in the network topology (e.g., a single exchange), common to a vendor or equipment type (e.g., line card or home gateway), or unique to a single user line (e.g., copper access). Part of this process may also be helping
users understand whether the problem exists in their home network
or with a third-party application service instead of with their
broadband (BB) product.
o Design and planning. Through monitoring the end-user experience,
the ISP can design and plan their network to ensure specified
levels of user experience. Services may be moved closer to end
users, services upgraded, the impact of QoS assessed, or more
capacity deployed at certain locations. Service Level Agreements
(SLAs) may be defined at network or product boundaries.
o Understanding the quality experienced by customers. The network
operator would like to gain better insight into the end-to-end
performance experienced by its customers. "End-to-end" could, for
instance, incorporate home and enterprise networks, and the impact
of peering, caching, and Content Delivery Networks (CDNs).
o Understanding the impact and operation of new devices and
technology. As a new product is deployed, or a new technology
introduced into the network, it is essential that its operation
and its impact are measured. This also helps to quantify the
advantage that the new technology is bringing and support the
business case for larger roll-out.
2.2. Regulator Use Case
A regulator may want to evaluate the performance of the Internet
access services offered by operators.
While each jurisdiction responds to distinct consumer, industry, and
regulatory concerns, much commonality exists in the need to produce
datasets that can be used to compare multiple Internet access service
providers, diverse technical solutions, geographic and regional
distributions, and marketed and provisioned levels and combinations
of broadband Internet access services.
Regulators may want to publish performance measures of different ISPs
as background information for end users. They may also want to track
the growth of high-speed broadband deployment, or to monitor the
traffic management practices of Internet providers.
A regulator's role in the development and enforcement of broadband
Internet access service policies requires that the measurement
approaches meet a high level of verifiability, accuracy, and
provider-independence to support valid and meaningful comparisons of
Internet access service performance. Standards can help regulators'
shared needs for scalable, cost-effective, scientifically robust solutions to the measurement and collection of broadband Internet access service performance information.3. Details of ISP Use Case
3.1. Understanding the Quality Experienced by Customers
Operators want to understand the quality of experience (QoE) of their broadband customers. The understanding can be gained through a "panel", i.e., measurement probes deployed to several customers. A probe is a device or piece of software that makes measurements and reports the results, under the control of the measurement system. Implementation options are discussed in Section 5. The panel needs to include a representative sample of the operator's technologies and broadband speeds. For instance, it might encompass speeds ranging from below 8 Mbps to over 100 Mbps. The operator would like the end-to-end view of the service, rather than just the access portion. This involves relating the pure network parameters to something like a 'mean opinion score' [MOS], which will be service dependent (for instance, web-browsing QoE is largely determined by latency above a few Mbps). An operator will also want compound metrics such as "reliability", which might involve packet loss, DNS failures, retraining of the line, video streaming under-runs, etc. The operator really wants to understand the end-to-end service experience. However, the home network (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, powerline) is highly variable and outside its control. To date, operators (and regulators) have instead measured performance from the home gateway. However, mobile operators clearly must include the wireless link in the measurement. Active measurements are the most obvious approach, i.e., special measurement traffic is sent by -- and to -- the probe. In order not to degrade the service of the customer, the measurement data should only be sent when the user is silent, and it shouldn't reduce the customer's data allowance. The other approach is passive measurements on the customer's ordinary traffic; the advantage is that it measures what the customer actually does, but it creates extra variability (different traffic mixes give different results) and, in particular, it raises privacy concerns. [RFC6973] discusses privacy considerations for Internet protocols in general, while [Framework] discusses them specifically for large-scale measurement systems.
From an operator's viewpoint, understanding customer experience enables it to offer better services. Also, simple metrics can be more easily understood by senior managers who make investment decisions and by sales and marketing.3.2. Understanding the Impact and Operation of New Devices and Technology
Another type of measurement is to test new capabilities before they are rolled out. For example, the operator may want to: o Check whether a customer can be upgraded to a new broadband option. o Understand the impact of IPv6 before it is made available to customers. Questions such as these could be assessed: Will v6 packets get through? What will the latency be to major websites? What transition mechanisms will be most appropriate? o Check whether a new capability can be signaled using TCP options (how often it will be blocked by a middlebox -- along the lines of the experiments described in [Extend-TCP]). o Investigate a QoS mechanism (e.g., checking whether Diffserv markings are respected on some path).3.3. Design and Planning
Operators can use large-scale measurements to help with their network planning -- proactive activities to improve the network. For example, by probing from several different vantage points the operator can see that a particular group of customers has performance below that expected during peak hours, which should help with capacity planning. Naturally, operators already have tools to help with this -- a network element reports its individual utilization (and perhaps other parameters). However, making measurements across a path rather than at a point may make it easier to understand the network. There may also be parameters like bufferbloat that aren't currently reported by equipment and/or that are intrinsically path metrics. With information gained from measurement results, capacity planning and network design can be more effective. Such planning typically uses simulations to emulate the measured performance of the current network and understand the likely impact of new capacity and potential changes to the topology. Simulations, informed by data
from a limited panel of probes, can help quantify the advantage that a new technology brings and support the business case for larger roll-out. It may also be possible to use probes to run stress tests for risk analysis. For example, an operator could run a carefully controlled and limited experiment in which probing is used to assess the potential impact if some new application becomes popular.3.4. Monitoring Service Level Agreements
Another example is that the operator may want to monitor performance where there is a Service Level Agreement (SLA). This could be with its own customers; in particular, enterprises may have an SLA. The operator can proactively spot when the service is degrading near the point of the SLA limit and get information that will enable more informed conversations with the customer at contract renewal. An operator may also want to monitor the performance of its suppliers, to check whether they meet their SLA or to compare two suppliers if it is dual-sourcing. This could include its transit operator, CDNs, peering, video source, or local network provider for a global operator in countries where it doesn't have its own network. A virtual operator may monitor the whole underlying network. Through a better understanding of its own network and its suppliers, the operator should be able to focus investment more effectively -- in the right place at the right time with the right technology.3.5. Identifying, Isolating, and Fixing Network Problems
Operators can use large-scale measurements to help identify a fault more rapidly and decide how to solve it. Operators already have Test and Diagnostic tools, where a network element reports some problem or failure to a management system. However, many issues are not caused by a point failure but something wider and so will trigger too many alarms, while other issues will cause degradation rather than failure and so not trigger any alarm. Large-scale measurements can help provide a more nuanced view that helps network management to identify and fix problems more rapidly and accurately. The network management tools may use simulations to emulate the network and so help identify a fault and assess possible solutions.
An operator can obtain useful information without measuring the performance on every broadband line. By measuring a subset, the operator can identify problems that affect a group of customers. For example, the issue could be at a shared point in the network topology (such as an exchange), or common to a vendor, or equipment type; for instance, [IETF85-Plenary] describes a case where a particular home gateway upgrade had caused a (mistaken!) drop in line rate. A more extensive deployment of the measurement capability to every broadband line would enable an operator to identify issues unique to a single customer. Overall, large-scale measurements can help an operator fix the fault more rapidly and/or allow the affected customers to be informed of what's happening. More accurate information enables the operator to reassure customers and take more rapid and effective action to cure the problem. Often, customers experience poor broadband due to problems in the home network -- the ISP's network is fine. For example, they may have moved too far away from their wireless access point. Anecdotally, a large fraction of customer calls about fixed BB problems are due to in-home wireless issues. These issues are expensive and frustrating for an operator, as they are extremely hard to diagnose and solve. The operator would like to narrow down whether the problem is in the home (a problem with the home network, edge device, or home gateway), in the operator's network, or with an application service. The operator would like two capabilities: firstly, self-help tools that customers use to improve their own service or understand its performance better -- for example, to reposition their devices for better Wi-Fi coverage; and secondly, on-demand tests that the operator can run instantly, so that the call center person answering the phone (or e-chat) could trigger a test and get the result while the customer is still in an online session.4. Details of Regulator Use Case
4.1. Providing Transparent Performance Information
Some regulators publish information about the quality of the various Internet access services provided in their national market. Quality information about service offers could include speed, delay, and jitter. Such information can be published to facilitate end users' choice of service provider and offer. Regulators may check the accuracy of the marketing claims of Internet service providers and may also encourage ISPs to all use the same metrics in their service level contracts. The goal of these transparency mechanisms is to promote competition for end users and potentially also help content, application, service, and device providers develop their Internet offerings.
The published information needs to be:
o Accurate - the measurement results must be correct and not
influenced by errors or side effects. The results should be
reproducible and consistent over time.
o Comparable - common metrics should be used across different ISPs
and service offerings, and over time, so that measurement results
can be compared.
o Meaningful - the metrics used for measurements need to reflect
what end users value about their broadband Internet access
service.
o Reliable - the number and distribution of measurement agents, and
the statistical processing of the raw measurement data, need to be
appropriate.
In practical terms, the regulators may measure network performance
from users towards multiple content and application providers,
including dedicated test measurement servers. Measurement probes are
distributed to a 'panel' of selected end users. The panel covers all
the operators and packages in the market, spread over urban,
suburban, and rural areas, and often includes both fixed and mobile
Internet access. Periodic tests running on the probes can, for
example, measure actual speed at peak and off-peak hours, but can
also measure other detailed quality metrics like delay and jitter.
Collected data goes afterwards through statistical analysis, deriving
estimates for the whole population. Summary information, such as a
service quality index, is published regularly, perhaps alongside more
detailed information.
The regulator can also facilitate end users to monitor the
performance of their own broadband Internet access service. They
might use this information to check that the performance meets that
specified in their contract or to understand whether their current
subscription is the most appropriate.
4.2. Measuring Broadband Deployment
Regulators may also want to monitor the improvement over time of
actual broadband Internet access performance in a specific country or
a region. The motivation is often to evaluate the effect of the
stimulated growth over time, when government has set a strategic goal
for high-speed broadband deployment, whether in absolute terms or
benchmarked against other countries. An example of such an
initiative is [DAE]. The actual measurements can be made in the same
way as described in Section 4.1.
4.3. Monitoring Traffic Management Practices
A regulator may want to monitor traffic management practices or compare the performance of Internet access service with specialized services offered in parallel to, but separate from, Internet access service (for example, IPTV). A regulator could monitor for departures from application agnosticism such as blocking or throttling of traffic from specific applications, or preferential treatment of specific applications. A measurement system could send, or passively monitor, application-specific traffic and then measure in detail the transfer of the different packets. While it is relatively easy to measure port blocking, how to detect other types of differentiated treatment is a research topic in itself. The "Glasnost: Enabling End Users to Detect Traffic Differentiation" paper [M-Labs_NSDI-2010] and follow-on tool "Glasnost" [Glasnost] provide an example of work in this area. A regulator could also monitor the performance of the broadband service over time, to try and detect if the specialized service is provided at the expense of the Internet access service. Comparison between ISPs or between different countries may also be relevant for this kind of evaluation. The motivation for a regulator monitoring such traffic management practices is that regulatory approaches related to net neutrality and the open Internet have been introduced in some jurisdictions. Examples of such efforts are the Internet policy as outlined by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications guidelines for quality of service [BEREC-Guidelines] and the US FCC's "Preserving the Open Internet" Report and Order [FCC-R&O]. Although legal challenges can change the status of policy, the take-away for LMAP purposes is that policy-makers are looking for measurement solutions to assist them in discovering biased treatment of traffic flows. The exact definitions and requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another.5. Implementation Options
There are several ways of implementing a measurement system. The choice may be influenced by the details of the particular use case and what the most important criteria are for the regulator, ISP, or third party operating the measurement system. One type of probe is a special hardware device that is connected directly to the home gateway. The devices are deployed to a carefully selected panel of end users, and they perform measurements according to a defined schedule. The schedule can run throughout the day, to allow continuous assessment of the network. Careful design
ensures that measurements do not detrimentally impact the home user
experience or corrupt the results by testing when the user is also
using the broadband line. The system is therefore tightly controlled
by the operator of the measurement system. One advantage of this
approach is that it is possible to get reliable benchmarks for the
performance of a network with only a few devices. One disadvantage
is that it would be expensive to deploy hardware devices on a mass
scale sufficient to understand the performance of the network at the
granularity of a single broadband user.
Another type of probe involves implementing the measurement
capability as a webpage or an "app" that end users are encouraged to
download onto their mobile phone or computing device. Measurements
are triggered by the end user; for example, the user interface may
have a button to "test my broadband now." One advantage of this
approach is that the performance is measured to the end user, rather
than to the home gateway, and so includes the home network. Another
difference is that the system is much more loosely controlled, as the
panel of end users and the schedule of tests are determined by the
end users themselves rather than the measurement system. While this
approach makes it easier to make measurements on a large scale, it is
harder to get comparable benchmarks, as the measurements are affected
by the home network; also, the population is self-selecting and so
potentially biased towards those who think they have a problem. This
could be alleviated by encouraging widespread downloading of the app
and careful post-processing of the results to reduce biases.
There are several other possibilities. For example, as a variant on
the first approach, the measurement capability could be implemented
as software embedded in the home gateway, which would make it more
viable to have the capability on every user line. As a variant on
the second approach, the end user could initiate measurements in
response to a request from the measurement system.
The operator of the measurement system should be careful to ensure
that measurements do not detrimentally impact users. Potential
issues include the following:
* Measurement traffic generated on a particular user's line may
impact that end user's quality of experience. The danger is
greater for measurements that generate a lot of traffic over a
lengthy period.
* The measurement traffic may impact that particular user's bill or
traffic cap.
* The measurement traffic from several end users may, in
combination, congest a shared link.
* The traffic associated with the control and reporting of
measurements may overload the network. The danger is greater
where the traffic associated with many end users is synchronized.
6. Conclusions
Large-scale measurements of broadband performance are useful for both
network operators and regulators. Network operators would like to
use measurements to help them better understand the quality
experienced by their customers, identify problems in the network, and
design network improvements. Regulators would like to use
measurements to help promote competition between network operators,
stimulate the growth of broadband access, and monitor 'net
neutrality'. There are other use cases that are not the focus of the
initial LMAP charter (although it is expected that the mechanisms
developed would be readily applied); for example, end users would
like to use measurements to help identify problems in their home
network and to monitor the performance of their broadband provider.
From consideration of the various use cases, several common themes
emerge, while there are also some detailed differences. These
characteristics guide the development of LMAP's framework,
information model, and protocol.
A measurement capability is needed across a wide number of
heterogeneous environments. Tests may be needed in the home network,
in the ISP's network, or beyond; they may be measuring a fixed or
wireless network; they may measure just the access network or across
several networks.
There is a role for both standardized and non-standardized
measurements. For example, a regulator would like to publish
standardized performance metrics for all network operators, while an
ISP may need their own tests to understand some feature special to
their network. Most use cases need active measurements, which create
and measure specific test traffic, but some need passive measurements
of the end user's traffic.
Regardless of the tests being operated, there needs to be a way to
demand or schedule the tests. Most use cases need a regular schedule
of measurements, but sometimes ad hoc testing is needed -- for
example, for troubleshooting. It needs to be ensured that
measurements do not affect the user experience and are not affected
by user traffic (unless desired). In addition, there needs to be a
common way to collect the results. Standardization of this control and reporting functionality allows the operator of a measurement system to buy the various components from different vendors. After the measurement results are collected, they need to be understood and analyzed. Often, it is sufficient to measure only a small subset of end users, but per-line fault diagnosis requires the ability to test every individual line. Analysis requires accurate definition and understanding of where the test points are, as well as contextual information about the topology, line, product, and the subscriber's contract. The actual analysis of results is beyond the scope of LMAP, as is the key challenge of how to integrate the measurement system into a network operator's existing tools for diagnostics and network planning. Finally, the test data, along with any associated network, product, or subscriber contract data, is commercial or private information and needs to be protected.7. Security Considerations
Large-scale measurements raise several potential security, privacy (data protection) [RFC6973], and business sensitivity issues: 1. A malicious party may try to gain control of probes to launch DoS (Denial of Service) attacks at a target. A DoS attack could be targeted at a particular end user or set of end users, a certain network, or a specific service provider. 2. A malicious party may try to gain control of probes to create a platform for pervasive monitoring [RFC7258] or for more targeted monitoring. [RFC7258] summarizes the threats as follows: "An attack may change the content of the communication, record the content or external characteristics of the communication, or through correlation with other communication events, reveal information the parties did not intend to be revealed." For example, a malicious party could distribute to the probes a new measurement test that recorded (and later reported) information of maleficent interest. Similar concerns also arise if the measurement results are intercepted or corrupted. * From the end user's perspective, the concerns include a malicious party monitoring the traffic they send and receive, who they communicate with, the websites they visit, and such information about their behavior as when they are at home and the location of their devices. Some of the concerns may be greater when the probe is on the end user's device rather than on their home gateway.
* From the network operator's perspective, the concerns include
the leakage of commercially sensitive information about the
design and operation of their network, their customers, and
suppliers. Some threats are indirect; for example, the
attacker could reconnoiter potential weaknesses, such as open
ports and paths through the network, which enabled it to launch
an attack later.
* From the regulator's perspective, the concerns include
distortion of the measurement tests or alteration of the
measurement results. Also, a malicious network operator could
try to identify the broadband lines that the regulator was
measuring and prioritize that traffic ("game the system").
3. Another potential issue is a measurement system that does not
obtain the end user's informed consent, fails to specify a
specific purpose in the consent, or uses the collected information
for secondary uses beyond those specified.
4. Another potential issue is a measurement system that does not
indicate who is responsible for the collection and processing of
personal data and who is responsible for fulfilling the rights of
users. The responsible party (often termed the "data controller")
should, as good practice, consider such issues as defining:
o the purpose for which the data is collected and used,
o how the data is stored, accessed, and processed,
o how long the data is retained, and
o how the end user can view, update, and even delete their
personal data.
If anonymized personal data is shared with a third party, the data
controller should consider the possibility that the third party
can de-anonymize it by combining it with other information.
These security and privacy issues will need to be considered
carefully by any measurement system. In the context of LMAP,
[Framework] considers them further, along with some potential
mitigations. Other LMAP documents will specify one or more protocols
that enable the measurement system to instruct a probe about what
measurements to make and that enable the probe to report the
measurement results. Those documents will need to discuss solutions
to the security and privacy issues. However, the protocol documents
will not consider the actual usage of the measurement information. Many use cases can be envisaged, and earlier in this document we described some likely ones for the network operator and regulator.8. Informative References
[IETF85-Plenary] Crawford, S., "Large-Scale Active Measurement of Broadband Networks", 'example' from slide 18, November 2012, <http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/85/slides/ slides-85-iesg-opsandtech-7.pdf>. [Extend-TCP] Honda, M., Nishida, Y., Raiciu, C., Greenhalgh, A., Handley, M., and H. Tokuda, "Is it Still Possible to Extend TCP?", Proceedings of IETF 82, November 2011, <http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/82/slides/IRTF-1.pdf>. [Framework] Eardley, P., Morton, A., Bagnulo, M., Burbridge, T., Aitken, P., and A. Akhter, "A framework for Large-Scale Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP)", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-lmap-framework-14, April 2015. [RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J., Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, July 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>. [RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, May 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>. [FCC-R&O] United States Federal Communications Commission, "Preserving the Open Internet; Broadband Industries Practices: Report and Order", FCC 10-201, December 2010, <http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/ FCC-10-201A1.pdf>. [BEREC-Guidelines] Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications, "BEREC Guidelines for quality of service in the scope of net neutrality", <http://berec.europa.eu/eng/ document_register/subject_matter/berec/download/0/ 1101-berec-guidelines-for-quality-of-service-_0.pdf>.
[M-Labs_NSDI-2010] M-Lab, "Glasnost: Enabling End Users to Detect Traffic Differentiation", <http://www.measurementlab.net/ download/AMIfv945ljiJXzG-fgUrZSTu2hs1xRl5Oh- rpGQMWL305BNQh-BSq5oBoYU4a7zqXOvrztpJhK9gwk5unOe- fOzj4X-vOQz_HRrnYU-aFd0rv332RDReRfOYkJuagysstN3GZ__lQHTS8_ UHJTWkrwyqIUjffVeDxQ/>. [Glasnost] M-Lab tool "Glasnost", <http://mlab-live.appspot.com/ tools/glasnost>. [MOS] Wikipedia, "Mean Opinion Score", January 2015, <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Mean_opinion_score&oldid=644494161>. [DAE] Digital Agenda for Europe, COM(2010)245 final, "Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions", <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245&from=EN>.
Contributors
The information in this document is partially derived from text written by the following contributors: James Miller jamesmilleresquire@gmail.com Rachel Huang rachel.huang@huawei.comAuthors' Addresses
Marc Linsner Cisco Systems, Inc. Marco Island, FL United States EMail: mlinsner@cisco.com Philip Eardley BT B54 Room 77, Adastral Park, Martlesham Ipswich, IP5 3RE United Kingdom EMail: philip.eardley@bt.com Trevor Burbridge BT B54 Room 70, Adastral Park, Martlesham Ipswich, IP5 3RE United Kingdom EMail: trevor.burbridge@bt.com Frode Sorensen Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom) Lillesand Norway EMail: frode.sorensen@nkom.no