RFC 7326
Energy Management Framework
Pages: 54
Informational
Informational
Part 1 of 2 – Pages 1 to 29
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Parello Request for Comments: 7326 B. Claise Category: Informational Cisco Systems, Inc. ISSN: 2070-1721 B. Schoening Independent Consultant J. Quittek NEC Europe Ltd. September 2014 Energy Management FrameworkAbstract
This document defines a framework for Energy Management (EMAN) for devices and device components within, or connected to, communication networks. The framework presents a physical reference model and information model. The information model consists of an Energy Management Domain as a set of Energy Objects. Each Energy Object can be attributed with identity, classification, and context. Energy Objects can be monitored and controlled with respect to power, Power State, energy, demand, Power Attributes, and battery. Additionally, the framework models relationships and capabilities between Energy Objects. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7326.
Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 2. Terminology .....................................................4 3. Target Devices ..................................................9 4. Physical Reference Model .......................................10 5. Areas Not Covered by the Framework .............................11 6. Energy Management Abstraction ..................................12 6.1. Conceptual Model ..........................................12 6.2. Energy Object (Class) .....................................13 6.3. Energy Object Attributes ..................................15 6.4. Measurements ..............................................18 6.5. Control ...................................................19 6.6. Relationships .............................................25 7. Energy Management Information Model ............................29 8. Modeling Relationships between Devices .........................33 8.1. Power Source Relationship .................................33 8.2. Metering Relationship .....................................37 8.3. Aggregation Relationship ..................................38 9. Relationship to Other Standards ................................39 10. Security Considerations .......................................39 10.1. Security Considerations for SNMP .........................40 11. IANA Considerations ...........................................41 11.1. IANA Registration of New Power State Sets ................41 11.2. Updating the Registration of Existing Power State Sets ...42 12. References ....................................................43 12.1. Normative References .....................................43 12.2. Informative References ...................................44 13. Acknowledgments ...............................................45 Appendix A. Information Model Listing .............................46
1. Introduction
Network Management is often divided into the five main areas defined in the ISO Telecommunications Management Network model: Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, and Security Management (FCAPS) [X.700]. Not covered by this traditional management model is Energy Management, which is rapidly becoming a critical area of concern worldwide, as seen in [ISO50001]. This document defines an Energy Management framework for devices within, or connected to, communication networks, per the Energy Management requirements specified in [RFC6988]. The devices, or the components of these devices (such as line cards, fans, and disks), can then be monitored and controlled. Monitoring includes measuring power, energy, demand, and attributes of power. Energy Control can be performed by setting a device's or component's state. The devices monitored by this framework can be either of the following: o consumers of energy (such as routers and computer systems) and components of such devices (such as line cards, fans, and disks) o producers of energy (like an uninterruptible power supply or renewable energy system) and their associated components (such as battery cells, inverters, or photovoltaic panels) This framework further describes how to identify, classify, and provide context for such devices. While context information is not specific to Energy Management, some context attributes are specified in the framework, addressing the following use cases: o How important is a device in terms of its business impact? o How should devices be grouped for reporting and searching? o How should a device role be described? Guidelines for using context for Energy Management are described. The framework introduces the concept of a Power Interface that is analogous to a network interface. A Power Interface is defined as an interconnection among devices where energy can be provided, received, or both. The most basic example of Energy Management is a single device reporting information about itself. In many cases, however, energy is not measured by the device itself but is measured upstream in the power distribution tree. For example, a Power Distribution Unit (PDU) may measure the energy it supplies to attached devices and
report this to an Energy Management System. Therefore, devices often have relationships to other devices or components in the power network. An Energy Management System (EnMS) generally requires an understanding of the power topology (who provides power to whom), the Metering topology (who meters whom), and the potential Aggregation (who aggregates values of others). The relationships build on the Power Interface concept. The different relationships among devices and components, as specified in this document, include power source, Metering, and Aggregation Relationships. The framework does not cover non-electrical equipment, nor does it cover energy procurement and manufacturing.2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. In this document, these words will appear with the above interpretation only when in ALL CAPS. Lowercase uses of these words are not to be interpreted as carrying the significance of RFC 2119 key words. In this section, some terms have a NOTE that is not part of the definition itself but accounts for differences between terminologies of different standards organizations or further clarifies the definition. The terms are listed in an order that aids in reading where terms may build off a previous term, as opposed to an alphabetical ordering. Some terms that are common in electrical engineering or that describe common physical items use a lowercase notation. Energy Management Energy Management is a set of functions for measuring, modeling, planning, and optimizing networks to ensure that the network and network-attached devices use energy efficiently and appropriately for the nature of the application and the cost constraints of the organization. Reference: Adapted from [TMN].
NOTES:
1. "Energy Management" refers to the activities, methods,
procedures, and tools that pertain to measuring, modeling,
planning, controlling, and optimizing the use of energy in
networked systems [NMF].
2. Energy Management is a management domain that is congruent to
any of the FCAPS areas of management in the ISO/OSI Network
Management Model [TMN]. Energy Management for communication
networks and attached devices is a subset or part of an
organization's greater Energy Management Policies.
Energy Management System (EnMS)
An Energy Management System is a combination of hardware and
software used to administer a network, with the primary purpose of
Energy Management.
NOTES:
1. An Energy Management System according to [ISO50001] (ISO-EnMS)
is a set of systems or procedures upon which organizations can
develop and implement an energy policy, set targets and action
plans, and take into account legal requirements related to
energy use. An ISO-EnMS allows organizations to improve energy
performance and demonstrate conformity to requirements,
standards, and/or legal requirements.
2. Example ISO-EnMS: Company A defines a set of policies and
procedures indicating that there should exist multiple
computerized systems that will poll energy measurements from
their meters and pricing / source data from their local
utility. Company A specifies that their CFO (Chief Financial
Officer) should collect information and summarize it quarterly
to be sent to an accounting firm to produce carbon accounting
reporting as required by their local government.
3. For the purposes of EMAN, the definition herein is the
preferred meaning of an EnMS. The definition from [ISO50001]
can be referred to as an ISO Energy Management System
(ISO-EnMS).
Energy Monitoring
Energy Monitoring is a part of Energy Management that deals with
collecting or reading information from devices to aid in Energy
Management.
Energy Control
Energy Control is a part of Energy Management that deals with
directing influence over devices.
electrical equipment
This is a general term that includes materials, fittings, devices,
appliances, fixtures, apparatus, machines, etc., that are used as
a part of, or in connection with, an electric installation.
Reference: [IEEE100].
non-electrical equipment (mechanical equipment)
This is a general term that includes materials, fittings, devices,
appliances, fixtures, apparatus, machines, etc., that are used as
a part of, or in connection with, non-electrical power
installations.
Reference: Adapted from [IEEE100].
device
A device is a piece of electrical or non-electrical equipment.
Reference: Adapted from [IEEE100].
component
A component is a part of electrical or non-electrical equipment
(device).
Reference: Adapted from [TMN].
power inlet
A power inlet (or simply "inlet") is an interface at which a
device or component receives energy from another device or
component.
power outlet
A power outlet (or simply "outlet") is an interface at which a
device or component provides energy to another device or
component.
energy
Energy is that which does work or is capable of doing work. As
used by electric utilities, it is generally a reference to
electrical energy and is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Reference: [IEEE100].
NOTE:
1. Energy is the capacity of a system to produce external activity
or perform work [ISO50001].
power
Power is the time rate at which energy is emitted, transferred, or
received; power is usually expressed in watts (joules per second).
Reference: [IEEE100].
demand
Demand is the average value of power or a related quantity over a
specified interval of time. Note: Demand is expressed in
kilowatts, kilovolt-amperes, kilovars, or other suitable units.
Reference: [IEEE100].
NOTE:
1. While IEEE100 defines demand in kilo measurements, for EMAN we
use watts with any suitable metric prefix.
provide energy
A device (or component) "provides" energy to another device if
there is an energy flow from this device to the other one.
receive energy
A device (or component) "receives" energy from another device if
there is an energy flow from the other device to this one.
meter (energy meter)
A meter is a device intended to measure electrical energy by
integrating power with respect to time.
Reference: Adapted from [IEC60050].
battery
A battery is one or more cells (consisting of an assembly of
electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals, and (usually)
separators) that are a source and/or store of electric energy.
Reference: Adapted from [IEC60050].
Power Interface
A Power Interface is a power inlet, outlet, or both.
Nameplate Power
The Nameplate Power is the nominal power of a device as specified
by the device manufacturer.
Power Attributes
Power Attributes are measurements of the electrical current,
voltage, phase, and frequencies at a given point in an electrical
power system.
Reference: Adapted from [IEC60050].
NOTE:
1. Power Attributes are not intended to provide any bounds or
recommended range for the value. They are simply the reading
of the value associated with the attribute in question.
Power Quality
"Power Quality" refers to characteristics of the electrical
current, voltage, phase, and frequencies at a given point in an
electric power system, evaluated against a set of reference
technical parameters. These parameters might, in some cases,
relate to the compatibility between electricity supplied in an
electric power system and the loads connected to that electric
power system.
Reference: [IEC60050].
NOTE:
1. Electrical characteristics representing Power Quality
information are typically required by customer facility Energy
Management Systems. Electrical characteristics are not
intended to satisfy the detailed requirements of Power Quality
monitoring. Standards typically also give ranges of allowed
values; the information attributes are the raw measurements,
not the "yes/no" determination by the various standards.
Reference: [ASHRAE-201].
Power State
A Power State is a condition or mode of a device (or component)
that broadly characterizes its capabilities, power, and
responsiveness to input.
Reference: Adapted from [IEEE1621].
Power State Set
A Power State Set is a collection of Power States that comprises a
named or logical control grouping.
3. Target Devices
With Energy Management, there exists a wide variety of devices that
may be contained in the same deployment as a communication network
but comprise a separate facility, home, or power distribution
network.
Energy Management has special challenges because a power distribution
network supplies energy to devices and components, while a separate
communications network monitors and controls the power distribution
network.
The target devices for Energy Management are all devices that can be
monitored or controlled (directly or indirectly) by an Energy
Management System (EnMS). These target devices include, for example:
o Simple electrical appliances and fixtures
o Hosts, such as a PC, a server, or a printer
o Switches, routers, base stations, and other network equipment such
as middleboxes
o Components within devices, e.g., a line card inside a switch
o Batteries functioning as a device or component that is a store of
energy
o Devices or components that charge or produce energy, such as solar
cells, charging stations, or generators
o Power over Ethernet (PoE) endpoints
o Power Distribution Units (PDUs)
o Protocol gateway devices for Building Management Systems (BMS)
o Electrical meters o Sensor controllers with subtended sensors Target devices include devices that communicate via the Internet Protocol (IP) as well as devices using other means for communication. The latter are managed through gateways or proxies that can communicate using IP.4. Physical Reference Model
The following reference model describes physical power topologies that exist in parallel with a communication topology. While many more topologies can be created with a combination of devices, the following are some basic ones that show how Energy Management topologies differ from Network Management topologies. NOTE: "###" is used to denote a transfer of energy. "- >" is used to denote a transfer of information. Basic Energy Management: +--------------------------+ | Energy Management System | +--------------------------+ ^ ^ monitoring | | control v v +---------+ | device | +---------+ Basic Power Supply: +-----------------------------------------+ | Energy Management System | +-----------------------------------------+ ^ ^ ^ ^ monitoring | | control monitoring | | control v v v v +--------------+ +-----------------+ | power source |########| device | +--------------+ +-----------------+
Single Power Supply with Multiple Devices:
+---------------------------------------+
| Energy Management System |
+---------------------------------------+
^ ^ ^ ^
monitoring | | control monitoring | | control
v v v v
+--------+ +------------------+
| power |########| device 1 |
| source | # +------------------+-+
+--------+ #######| device 2 |
# +------------------+-+
#######| device 3 |
+------------------+
Multiple Power Supplies with Single Device:
+----------------------------------------------+
| Energy Management System |
+----------------------------------------------+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
mon. | | ctrl. mon. | | ctrl. mon. | | ctrl.
v v v v v v
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
| power |######| device |######| power |
| source 1 | | | | source 2 |
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
5. Areas Not Covered by the Framework
While this framework is intended as a framework for Energy Management
in general, there are some areas that are not covered.
Non-Electrical Equipment
The primary focus of this framework is the management of
electrical equipment. Non-electrical equipment, which is not
covered in this framework, could nevertheless be modeled by
providing interfaces that comply with the framework: for example,
using the same units for power and energy. Therefore,
non-electrical equipment that does not "convert to" or
"present as" an entity equivalent to electrical equipment is not
addressed.
Energy Procurement and Manufacturing
While an EnMS may be a central point for corporate reporting, cost
computation, environmental impact analysis, and regulatory
compliance reporting, Energy Management in this framework excludes
energy procurement and the environmental impact of energy use.
As such, the framework does not include:
o Cost in currency or environmental units of manufacturing a
device
o Embedded carbon or environmental equivalences of a device
o Cost in currency or environmental impact to dismantle or
recycle a device
o Supply chain analysis of energy sources for device deployment
o Conversion of the usage or production of energy to units
expressed from the source of that energy (such as the
greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transfer of energy
from a diesel source)
6. Energy Management Abstraction
This section describes a conceptual model of information that can be
used for Energy Management. The classes and categories of attributes
in the model are described, with a rationale for each.
6.1. Conceptual Model
This section describes an information model that addresses issues
specific to Energy Management and complements existing Network
Management models.
An information model for Energy Management will need to describe a
means to monitor and control devices and components. The model will
also need to describe the relationships among, and connections
between, devices and components.
This section defines a conceptual model for devices and components
that is similar to the model used in Network Management: devices,
components, and interfaces. This section then defines the additional
attributes specific to Energy Management for those entities that are
not available in existing Network Management models.
For modeling the devices and components, this section describes three
classes denoted by a "(Class)" suffix: a Device (Class), a Component
(Class), and a Power Interface (Class). These classes are sub-types
of an abstract Energy Object (Class).
Summary of Notation for Modeling Physical Equipment
Physical Modeling (Metadata) Model Instance
---------------------------------------------------------
equipment Energy Object (Class) Energy Object
device Device (Class) Device
component Component (Class) Component
inlet/outlet Power Interface (Class) Power Interface
This section then describes the attributes of an Energy Object
(Class) for identification, classification, context, control, power,
and energy.
Since the interconnections between devices and components for Energy
Management may have no relation to the interconnections for Network
Management, the Energy Object (Classes) contain a separate
Relationships (Class) as an attribute to model these types of
interconnections.
The next sections describe each of the classes and categories of
attributes in the information model.
Not all of the attributes are mandatory for implementations.
Specifications describing implementations of the information model in
this framework need to be explicit about which are mandatory and
which are optional to implement.
The formal definitions of the classes and attributes are specified in
Section 7.
6.2. Energy Object (Class)
An Energy Object (Class) represents a piece of equipment that is
part of, or attached to, a communications network that is monitored
or controlled or that aids in the management of another device for
Energy Management.
The Energy Object (Class) is an abstract class that contains the base attributes to represent a piece of equipment for Energy Management. There are three types of Energy Object (Class): Device (Class), Component (Class), and Power Interface (Class).6.2.1. Device (Class)
The Device (Class) is a subclass of Energy Object (Class) that represents a physical piece of equipment. A Device (Class) instance represents a device that is a consumer, producer, meter, distributor, or store of energy. A Device (Class) instance may represent a physical device that contains other components.6.2.2. Component (Class)
The Component (Class) is a subclass of Energy Object (Class) that represents a part of a physical piece of equipment.6.2.3. Power Interface (Class)
A Power Interface (Class) represents the interconnections (inlet, outlet) among devices or components where energy can be provided, received, or both. The Power Interface (Class) is a subclass of Energy Object (Class) that represents a physical inlet or outlet. There are some similarities between Power Interfaces and network interfaces. A network interface can be set to different states, such as sending or receiving data on an attached line. Similarly, a Power Interface can be receiving or providing energy. A Power Interface (Class) instance can represent (physically) an AC power socket, an AC power cord attached to a device, or an 8P8C (RJ45) PoE socket, etc.
6.3. Energy Object Attributes
This section describes categories of attributes for an Energy Object (Class).6.3.1. Identification
A Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) [RFC4122] is used to uniquely and persistently identify an Energy Object. Every Energy Object has an optional unique human-readable printable name. Possible naming conventions are textual DNS name, Media Access Control (MAC) address of the device, interface ifName, or a text string uniquely identifying the Energy Object. As an example, in the case of IP phones, the Energy Object name can be the device's DNS name. Additionally, an alternate key is provided to allow an Energy Object to be optionally linked with models in different systems.6.3.2. Context: General
In order to aid in reporting and in differentiation between Energy Objects, each object optionally contains information establishing its business, site, or organizational context within a deployment. The Energy Object (Class) contains a category attribute that broadly describes how an instance is used in a deployment. The category indicates whether the Energy Object is primarily functioning as a consumer, producer, meter, distributor, or store of energy. Given the category and context of an object, an EnMS can summarize or analyze measurements for the site.6.3.3. Context: Importance
An Energy Object can provide an importance value in the range of 1 to 100 to help rank a device's use or relative value to the site. The importance range is from 1 (least important) to 100 (most important). The default importance value is 1. For example, a typical office environment has several types of phones, which can be rated according to their business impact. A public desk phone has a lower importance (for example, 10) than a business-critical emergency phone (for example, 100). As another example, a company can consider that a PC and a phone for a customer service engineer are more important than a PC and a phone for lobby use.
Although EnMS and administrators can establish their own ranking, the following example is a broad recommendation for commercial deployments [CISCO-EW]: 90 to 100 Emergency response 80 to 90 Executive or business-critical 70 to 79 General or average 60 to 69 Staff or support 40 to 59 Public or guest 1 to 39 Decorative or hospitality6.3.4. Context: Keywords
The Energy Object (Class) contains an attribute with context keywords. An Energy Object can provide a set of keywords that is a list of tags that can be used for grouping, summary reporting (within or between Energy Management Domains), and searching. Potential examples are IT, lobby, HumanResources, Accounting, StoreRoom, CustomerSpace, router, phone, floor2, or SoftwareLab. The specifics of how this tag is represented are left to the MIB module or other object definition documents to be based on this framework. There is no default value for a keyword. Multiple keywords can be assigned to an Energy Object.6.3.5. Context: Role
The Energy Object (Class) contains a role attribute. The "role description" string indicates the primary purpose the Energy Object serves in the deployment. This could be a string representing the purpose the Energy Object fulfills in the deployment. The specifics of how this tag is represented are left to the MIB module or other object definition documents to be based on this framework. Administrators can define any naming scheme for the role. As guidance, a two-word role that combines the service the Energy Object provides, along with type, can be used [IPENERGY]. Example types of devices: Router, Switch, Light, Phone, WorkStation, Server, Display, Kiosk, HVAC.
Example Services by Line of Business:
Line of Business Service
------------------------------------------------------
Education Student, Faculty, Administration,
Athletic
Finance Trader, Teller, Fulfillment
Manufacturing Assembly, Control, Shipping
Retail Advertising, Cashier
Support Helpdesk, Management
Medical Patient, Administration, Billing
Role as a two-word string: "Faculty Desktop", "Teller Phone",
"Shipping HVAC", "Advertising Display", "Helpdesk Kiosk",
"Administration Switch".
The specifics of how this tag is represented are left to the MIB
module or other object definition documents to be based on this
framework.
6.3.6. Context: Domain
The Energy Object (Class) contains a string attribute to indicate
membership in an Energy Management Domain. An Energy Management
Domain can be any collection of Energy Objects in a deployment, but
it is recommended to map 1:1 with a metered or sub-metered portion of
the site.
In building management, a meter refers to the meter provided by the
utility used for billing and measuring power to an entire building or
unit within a building. A sub-meter refers to a customer- or user-
installed meter that is not used by the utility to bill but is
instead used to get measurements from portions of a building.
The specifics of how this tag is represented are left to the MIB
module or other object definition documents to be based on this
framework.
An Energy Object MUST be a member of a single Energy Management
Domain; therefore, one attribute is provided.
6.4. Measurements
The Energy Object (Class) contains attributes to describe power, energy, and demand measurements. An analogy for understanding power versus energy measurements can be made to speed and distance in automobiles. Just as a speedometer indicates the rate of change of distance (speed), a power measurement indicates the rate of transfer of energy. The odometer in an automobile measures the cumulative distance traveled; similarly, an energy measurement indicates the accumulated energy transferred. Demand measurements are averages of power measurements over time. So, using the same analogy to an automobile: measuring the average vehicle speed over multiple intervals of time for a given distance traveled, demand is the average power measured over multiple time intervals for a given energy value. Within this framework, energy will only be quantified in units of watt-hours. Physical devices measuring energy in other units must convert values to watt-hours or be represented by Energy Objects that convert to watt-hours.6.4.1. Measurements: Power
The Energy Object (Class) contains a Nameplate Power Attribute that describes the nominal power as specified by the manufacturer of the device. The EnMS can use the Nameplate Power for provisioning, capacity planning, and (potentially) billing. The Energy Object (Class) has attributes that describe the present power information, along with how that measurement was obtained or derived (e.g., actual, estimated, or static). A power measurement is qualified with the units, magnitude, and direction of power flow and is qualified as to the means by which the measurement was made. Power measurement magnitude conforms to the [IEC61850] definition of unit multiplier for the SI (System International) units of measure. Measured values are represented in SI units obtained by BaseValue * (10 ^ Scale). For example, if current power usage of an Energy Object is 17, it could be 17 W, 17 mW, 17 kW, or 17 MW, depending on the value of the scaling factor. 17 W implies that BaseValue = 17 and Scale = 0, whereas 17 mW implies that BaseValue = 17 and ScaleFactor = -3.
An Energy Object (Class) indicates how the power measurement was
obtained with a caliber and accuracy attribute that indicates:
o Whether the measurements were made at the device itself or at a
remote source.
o Description of the method that was used to measure the power and
whether this method can distinguish actual or estimated values.
o Accuracy for actual measured values.
6.4.2. Measurements: Power Attributes
The Energy Object (Class) contains an optional attribute that
describes Power Attribute information reflecting the electrical
characteristics of the measurement. These Power Attributes adhere to
the [IEC61850-7-2] standard for describing AC measurements.
6.4.3. Measurements: Energy
The Energy Object (Class) contains optional attributes that represent
the energy used, received, produced, and/or stored. Typically, only
devices or components that can measure actual power will have the
ability to measure energy.
6.4.4. Measurements: Demand
The Energy Object (Class) contains optional attributes that represent
demand information over time. Typically, only devices or components
that can report actual power are capable of measuring demand.
6.5. Control
The Energy Object (Class) contains a Power State Set (Class)
attribute that represents the set of Power States a device or
component supports.
A Power State describes a condition or mode of a device or component.
While Power States are typically used for control, they may be used
for monitoring only.
A device or component is expected to support at least one set of
Power States consisting of at least two states: an on state and an
off state.
There are many existing standards describing device and component
Power States. The framework supports modeling a mixed set of Power
States defined in different standards. A basic example is given by
the three Power States defined in IEEE1621 [IEEE1621]: on, off, and sleep. The Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) standards organization [DMTF], Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) specification [ACPI], and Printer Working Group (PWG) all define larger numbers of Power States. The semantics of a Power State are specified by: a) The functionality provided by an Energy Object in this state. b) A limitation of the power that an Energy Object uses in this state. c) A combination of a) and b). The semantics of a Power State should be clearly defined. Limitation (curtailment) of the power used by an Energy Object in a state may be specified by: o An absolute power value. o A percentage value of power relative to the Energy Object's Nameplate Power. o An indication of power relative to another Power State. For example, specify that power in state A is less than in state B. o For supporting Power State management, an Energy Object provides statistics on Power States, including the time an Energy Object spent in a certain Power State and the number of times an Energy Object entered a Power State. When requesting an Energy Object to enter a Power State, an indication of the Power State's name or number can be used. Optionally, an absolute or percentage of Nameplate Power can be provided to allow the Energy Object to transition to a nearest or equivalent Power State. When an Energy Object is set to a particular Power State, the represented device or component may be busy. The Energy Object should set the desired Power State and then update the actual Power State when the device or component changes. There are then two Power State (Class) control attributes: actual and requested. The following sections describe well-known Power States for devices and components that should be modeled in the information model.
6.5.1. Power State Sets
There are several standards and implementations of Power State Sets. The Energy Object (Class) supports modeling one or multiple Power State Set implementations on the device or component concurrently. There are currently three Power State Sets specified by IANA: IEEE1621 (256) - [IEEE1621] DMTF (512) - [DMTF] EMAN (768) - [RFC7326] The respective specific states related to each Power State Set are specified in the following sections. The guidelines for the modification of Power State Sets are specified in the IANA Considerations section.6.5.2. Power State Set: IEEE1621
The IEEE1621 Power State Set [IEEE1621] consists of three rudimentary states: on, off, or sleep. In IEEE1621, devices are limited to the three basic Power States -- on (2), sleep (1), and off (0). Any additional Power States are variants of one of the basic states, rather than a fourth state [IEEE1621].6.5.3. Power State Set: DMTF
The DMTF [DMTF] standards organization has defined a power profile standard based on the CIM (Common Information Model), which consists of 15 Power States. The DMTF standard is targeted for hosts and computers. Details of the semantics of each Power State within the DMTF Power State Set can be obtained from the DMTF Power State Management Profile specification [DMTF].
The DMTF power profile extends ACPI Power States. The following
table provides a mapping between DMTF and ACPI Power State Sets:
DMTF ACPI
------------------------------------------------
Reserved (0)
Reserved (1)
ON (2) G0/S0
Sleep-Light (3) G1/S1 G1/S2
Sleep-Deep (4) G1/S3
Power Cycle (Off-Soft) (5) G2/S5
Off-Hard (6) G3
Hibernate (Off-Soft) (7) G1/S4
Off-Soft (8) G2/S5
Power Cycle (Off-Hard) (9) G3
Master Bus Reset (10) G2/S5
Diagnostic Interrupt (11) G2/S5
Off-Soft Graceful (12) G2/S5
Off-Hard Graceful (13) G3
MasterBus Reset Graceful (14) G2/S5
Power Cycle Off-Soft Graceful (15) G2/S5
Power Cycle Off-Hard Graceful (16) G3
6.5.4. Power State Set: IETF EMAN
The EMAN Power States are an expansion of the basic Power States as
defined in [IEEE1621] plus the addition of the Power States defined
in [ACPI] and [DMTF]. Therefore, in addition to the non-operational
states as defined in [ACPI] and [DMTF] standards, several
intermediate operational states have been defined.
Physical devices and components are expected to support the EMAN
Power State Set or to be modeled via an Energy Object the supports
these states.
An Energy Object may implement fewer or more Power States than a
particular EMAN Power State Set specifies. In that case, the Energy
Object implementation can determine its own mapping to the predefined
EMAN Power States within the EMAN Power State Set.
There are twelve EMAN Power States that expand on [IEEE1621]. The
expanded list of Power States is derived from [CISCO-EW] and is
divided into six operational states and six non-operational states.
The lowest non-operational state is 0, and the highest is 5. Each non-operational state corresponds to an [ACPI] Global and System state between G3 (hard-off) and G1 (sleeping). Each operational state represents a performance state and may be mapped to [ACPI] states P0 (maximum performance power) through P5 (minimum performance and minimum power). In each of the non-operational states (from mechoff(0) to ready(5)), the Power State preceding it is expected to have a lower Power value and a longer delay in returning to an operational state: mechoff(0): An off state where no Energy Object features are available. The Energy Object is unavailable. No energy is being consumed, and the power connector can be removed. softoff(1): Similar to mechoff(0), but some components remain powered or receive trace power so that the Energy Object can be awakened from its off state. In softoff(1), no context is saved, and the device typically requires a complete boot when awakened. hibernate(2): No Energy Object features are available. The Energy Object may be awakened without requiring a complete boot, but the time for availability is longer than sleep(3). An example for state hibernate(2) is a save-to-disk state where DRAM context is not maintained. Typically, energy consumption is zero or close to zero. sleep(3): No Energy Object features are available, except for out-of-band management, such as wake-up mechanisms. The time for availability is longer than standby(4). An example for state sleep(3) is a save-to-RAM state, where DRAM context is maintained. Typically, energy consumption is close to zero. standby(4): No Energy Object features are available, except for out-of-band management, such as wake-up mechanisms. This mode is analogous to cold-standby. The time for availability is longer than ready(5). For example, processor context may not be maintained. Typically, energy consumption is close to zero. ready(5): No Energy Object features are available, except for out-of-band management, such as wake-up mechanisms. This mode is analogous to hot-standby. The Energy Object can be quickly transitioned into an operational state. For example, processors are not executing, but processor context is maintained.
lowMinus(6): Indicates that some Energy Object features may not be
available and the Energy Object has taken measures or selected
options to use less energy than low(7).
low(7): Indicates that some Energy Object features may not be
available and the Energy Object has taken measures or selected
options to use less energy than mediumMinus(8).
mediumMinus(8): Indicates that all Energy Object features are
available but the Energy Object has taken measures or selected
options to use less energy than medium(9).
medium(9): Indicates that all Energy Object features are available
but the Energy Object has taken measures or selected options to
use less energy than highMinus(10).
highMinus(10): Indicates that all Energy Object features are
available and the Energy Object has taken measures or selected
options to use less energy than high(11).
high(11): Indicates that all Energy Object features are available
and the Energy Object may use the maximum energy as indicated
by the Nameplate Power.
6.5.5. Power State Sets Comparison
A comparison of Power States from different Power State Sets can be
seen in the following tables:
Non-operational states:
IEEE1621 DMTF ACPI EMAN
--------------------------------------------------
off Off-Hard G3/S5 mechoff(0)
off Off-Soft G2/S5 softoff(1)
off Hibernate G1/S4 hibernate(2)
sleep Sleep-Deep G1/S3 sleep(3)
sleep Sleep-Light G1/S2 standby(4)
sleep Sleep-Light G1/S1 ready(5)
Operational states:
IEEE1621 DMTF ACPI EMAN
----------------------------------------------------
on on G0/S0/P5 lowMinus(6)
on on G0/S0/P4 low(7)
on on G0/S0/P3 mediumMinus(8)
on on G0/S0/P2 medium(9)
on on G0/S0/P1 highMinus(10)
on on G0/S0/P0 high(11)
6.6. Relationships
The Energy Object (Class) contains a set of Relationship (Class)
attributes to model the relationships between devices and components.
Two Energy Objects can establish an Energy Object Relationship to
model the deployment topology with respect to Energy Management.
Relationships are modeled with a Relationship (Class) that contains
the UUID of the other participant in the relationship and a name that
describes the type of relationship [CHEN]. The types of
relationships are Power Source, Metering, and Aggregations.
o A Power Source Relationship is a relationship where one Energy
Object provides power to one or more Energy Objects. The Power
Source Relationship gives a view of the physical wiring topology
-- for example, a data center server receiving power from two
specific Power Interfaces from two different PDUs.
Note: A Power Source Relationship may or may not change as the
direction of power changes between two Energy Objects. The
relationship may remain to indicate that the change of power
direction was unintended or an error condition.
o A Metering Relationship is a relationship where one Energy Object
measures power, energy, demand, or Power Attributes of one or more
other Energy Objects. The Metering Relationship gives the view of
the Metering topology. Physical meters can be placed anywhere in
a power distribution tree. For example, utility meters monitor
and report accumulated power consumption of the entire building.
Logically, the Metering topology overlaps with the wiring
topology, as meters are connected to the wiring topology. A
typical example is meters that clamp onto the existing wiring.
o An Aggregation Relationship is a relationship where one Energy
Object aggregates Energy Management information of one or more
other Energy Objects. The Aggregation Relationship gives a model
of devices that may aggregate (sum, average, etc.) values for
other devices. The Aggregation Relationship is slightly different
compared to the other relationships, as this refers more to a
management function.
In some situations, it is not possible to discover the Energy Object
Relationships, and an EnMS or administrator must set them. Given
that relationships can be assigned manually, the following sections
describe guidelines for use.
6.6.1. Relationship Conventions and Guidelines
This Energy Management framework does not impose many "MUST" rules
related to Energy Object Relationships. There are always corner
cases that can be excluded by making stricter specifications for
relationships. However, the framework proposes a series of
guidelines, indicated with "SHOULD" and "MAY".
6.6.2. Guidelines: Power Source
Power Source Relationships are intended to identify the connections
between Power Interfaces. This is analogous to a Layer 2 connection
in networking devices (a "one-hop connection").
The preferred modeling would be for Power Interfaces to participate
in Power Source Relationships. In some cases, Energy Objects may not
have the capability to model Power Interfaces. Therefore, a Power
Source Relationship can be established between two Energy Objects or
two non-connected Power Interfaces.
Strictly speaking, while components and Power Interfaces on the same
Device do provide or receive energy from each other, the Power Source
Relationship is intended to show energy transfer between Devices.
Therefore, the relationship is implied when on the same Device.
An Energy Object SHOULD NOT establish a Power Source Relationship
with a component.
o A Power Source Relationship SHOULD be established with the next
known Power Interface in the wiring topology.
o The next known Power Interface in the wiring topology would be the
next device implementing the framework. In some cases, the domain
of devices under management may include some devices that do not
implement the framework. In these cases, the Power Source
Relationship can be established with the next device in the
topology that implements the framework and logically shows the
Power Source of the device.
o Transitive Power Source Relationships SHOULD NOT be established.
For example, if Energy Object A has a Power Source Relationship
"Poweredby" with Energy Object B, and if Energy Object B has a
Power Source Relationship "Poweredby" with Energy Object C, then
Energy Object A SHOULD NOT have a Power Source Relationship
"Poweredby" with Energy Object C.
6.6.3. Guidelines: Metering Relationship
Metering Relationships are intended to show when one device acting as
a meter is measuring the power or energy at a point in a power
distribution system. Since one point of a power distribution system
may cover many devices within a wiring topology, this relationship
type can be seen as a set.
Some devices may include hardware that can measure power for
components, outlets, or the entire device. For example, some PDUs
may have the ability to measure power for each outlet and are
commonly referred to as metered-by-outlet. Others may be able to
control power at each power outlet but can only measure power at the
power inlet -- commonly referred to as metered-by-device.
While the Metering Relationship could be used to represent a device
as metered-by-outlet or metered-by-device, the Metering Relationship
SHOULD be used to model the relationship between a meter and all
devices covered by the meter downstream in the power distribution
system.
In general:
o A Metering Relationship MAY be established with any other Energy
Object, component, or Power Interface.
o Transitive Metering Relationships MAY be used.
o When there is a series of meters for one Energy Object, the Energy
Object MAY establish a Metering Relationship with one or more of
the meters.
6.6.4. Guidelines: Aggregation
Aggregation Relationships are intended to identify when one device is used to accumulate values from other devices. Typically, this is for energy or power values among devices and not for components or Power Interfaces on the same device. The intent of Aggregation Relationships is to indicate when one device is providing aggregate values for a set of other devices when it is not obvious from the power source or simple containment within a device. Establishing Aggregation Relationships within the same device would make modeling more complex, and the aggregated values can be implied from the use of power inlets, outlet, and Energy Object values on the same device. Since an EnMS is naturally a point of Aggregation, it is not necessary to model Aggregation for Energy Management Systems. The Aggregation Relationship is intended for power and energy. It MAY be used for Aggregation of other values from the information model, but the rules and logical ability to aggregate each attribute are out of scope for this document. In general: o A Device SHOULD NOT establish an Aggregation Relationship with components contained on the same device. o A Device SHOULD NOT establish an Aggregation Relationship with the Power Interfaces contained on the same device. o A Device SHOULD NOT establish an Aggregation Relationship with an EnMS. o Aggregators SHOULD log or provide notification in the case of errors or missing values while performing Aggregation.
6.6.5. Energy Object Relationship Extensions
This framework for Energy Management is based on three relationship types: Aggregation, Metering, and Power Source. This framework is defined with possible future extension of new Energy Object Relationships in mind. For example: o Some Devices that may not be IP connected could be modeled with a proxy relationship to an Energy Object within the domain. This type of proxy relationship is left for further development. o A Power Distribution Unit (PDU) that allows devices and components like outlets to be "ganged" together as a logical entity for simplified management purposes could be modeled with an extension called a "gang relationship", whose semantics would specify the Energy Objects' grouping.
(page 29 continued on part 2)