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RFC 5280

Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile

Pages: 151
Proposed Standard
Errata
Obsoletes:  328043254630
Updated by:  6818839883999549
Part 1 of 7 – Pages 1 to 16
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Network Working Group                                          D. Cooper
Request for Comments: 5280                                          NIST
Obsoletes: 3280, 4325, 4630                                 S. Santesson
Category: Standards Track                                      Microsoft
                                                              S. Farrell
                                                  Trinity College Dublin
                                                               S. Boeyen
                                                                 Entrust
                                                              R. Housley
                                                          Vigil Security
                                                                 W. Polk
                                                                    NIST
                                                                May 2008


         Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
             and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile

Status of This Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices.
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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................4 2. Requirements and Assumptions ....................................6 2.1. Communication and Topology .................................7 2.2. Acceptability Criteria .....................................7 2.3. User Expectations ..........................................7 2.4. Administrator Expectations .................................8 3. Overview of Approach ............................................8 3.1. X.509 Version 3 Certificate ................................9 3.2. Certification Paths and Trust .............................10 3.3. Revocation ................................................13 3.4. Operational Protocols .....................................14 3.5. Management Protocols ......................................14 4. Certificate and Certificate Extensions Profile .................16 4.1. Basic Certificate Fields ..................................16 4.1.1. Certificate Fields .................................17 4.1.1.1. tbsCertificate ............................18 4.1.1.2. signatureAlgorithm ........................18 4.1.1.3. signatureValue ............................18 4.1.2. TBSCertificate .....................................18 4.1.2.1. Version ...................................19 4.1.2.2. Serial Number .............................19 4.1.2.3. Signature .................................19 4.1.2.4. Issuer ....................................20 4.1.2.5. Validity ..................................22 4.1.2.5.1. UTCTime ........................23 4.1.2.5.2. GeneralizedTime ................23 4.1.2.6. Subject ...................................23 4.1.2.7. Subject Public Key Info ...................25 4.1.2.8. Unique Identifiers ........................25 4.1.2.9. Extensions ................................26 4.2. Certificate Extensions ....................................26 4.2.1. Standard Extensions ................................27 4.2.1.1. Authority Key Identifier ..................27 4.2.1.2. Subject Key Identifier ....................28 4.2.1.3. Key Usage .................................29 4.2.1.4. Certificate Policies ......................32 4.2.1.5. Policy Mappings ...........................35 4.2.1.6. Subject Alternative Name ..................35 4.2.1.7. Issuer Alternative Name ...................38 4.2.1.8. Subject Directory Attributes ..............39 4.2.1.9. Basic Constraints .........................39 4.2.1.10. Name Constraints .........................40 4.2.1.11. Policy Constraints .......................43 4.2.1.12. Extended Key Usage .......................44 4.2.1.13. CRL Distribution Points ..................45 4.2.1.14. Inhibit anyPolicy ........................48
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                  4.2.1.15. Freshest CRL (a.k.a. Delta CRL
                            Distribution Point) ......................48
           4.2.2. Private Internet Extensions ........................49
                  4.2.2.1. Authority Information Access ..............49
                  4.2.2.2. Subject Information Access ................51
   5. CRL and CRL Extensions Profile .................................54
      5.1. CRL Fields ................................................55
           5.1.1. CertificateList Fields .............................56
                  5.1.1.1. tbsCertList ...............................56
                  5.1.1.2. signatureAlgorithm ........................57
                  5.1.1.3. signatureValue ............................57
           5.1.2. Certificate List "To Be Signed" ....................58
                  5.1.2.1. Version ...................................58
                  5.1.2.2. Signature .................................58
                  5.1.2.3. Issuer Name ...............................58
                  5.1.2.4. This Update ...............................58
                  5.1.2.5. Next Update ...............................59
                  5.1.2.6. Revoked Certificates ......................59
                  5.1.2.7. Extensions ................................60
      5.2. CRL Extensions ............................................60
           5.2.1. Authority Key Identifier ...........................60
           5.2.2. Issuer Alternative Name ............................60
           5.2.3. CRL Number .........................................61
           5.2.4. Delta CRL Indicator ................................62
           5.2.5. Issuing Distribution Point .........................65
           5.2.6. Freshest CRL (a.k.a. Delta CRL Distribution
                  Point) .............................................67
           5.2.7. Authority Information Access .......................67
      5.3. CRL Entry Extensions ......................................69
           5.3.1. Reason Code ........................................69
           5.3.2. Invalidity Date ....................................70
           5.3.3. Certificate Issuer .................................70
   6. Certification Path Validation ..................................71
      6.1. Basic Path Validation .....................................72
           6.1.1. Inputs .............................................75
           6.1.2. Initialization .....................................77
           6.1.3. Basic Certificate Processing .......................80
           6.1.4. Preparation for Certificate i+1 ....................84
           6.1.5. Wrap-Up Procedure ..................................87
           6.1.6. Outputs ............................................89
      6.2. Using the Path Validation Algorithm .......................89
      6.3. CRL Validation ............................................90
           6.3.1. Revocation Inputs ..................................91
           6.3.2. Initialization and Revocation State Variables ......91
           6.3.3. CRL Processing .....................................92
   7. Processing Rules for Internationalized Names ...................95
      7.1. Internationalized Names in Distinguished Names ............96
      7.2. Internationalized Domain Names in GeneralName .............97
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      7.3. Internationalized Domain Names in Distinguished Names .....98
      7.4. Internationalized Resource Identifiers ....................98
      7.5. Internationalized Electronic Mail Addresses ..............100
   8. Security Considerations .......................................100
   9. IANA Considerations ...........................................105
   10. Acknowledgments ..............................................105
   11. References ...................................................105
      11.1. Normative References ....................................105
      11.2. Informative References ..................................107
   Appendix A.  Pseudo-ASN.1 Structures and OIDs ....................110
      A.1. Explicitly Tagged Module, 1988 Syntax ....................110
      A.2. Implicitly Tagged Module, 1988 Syntax ....................125
   Appendix B. ASN.1 Notes ..........................................133
   Appendix C. Examples .............................................136
      C.1. RSA Self-Signed Certificate ..............................137
      C.2. End Entity Certificate Using RSA .........................140
      C.3. End Entity Certificate Using DSA .........................143
      C.4. Certificate Revocation List ..............................147

1. Introduction

This specification is one part of a family of standards for the X.509 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for the Internet. This specification profiles the format and semantics of certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs) for the Internet PKI. Procedures are described for processing of certification paths in the Internet environment. Finally, ASN.1 modules are provided in the appendices for all data structures defined or referenced. Section 2 describes Internet PKI requirements and the assumptions that affect the scope of this document. Section 3 presents an architectural model and describes its relationship to previous IETF and ISO/IEC/ITU-T standards. In particular, this document's relationship with the IETF PEM specifications and the ISO/IEC/ITU-T X.509 documents is described. Section 4 profiles the X.509 version 3 certificate, and Section 5 profiles the X.509 version 2 CRL. The profiles include the identification of ISO/IEC/ITU-T and ANSI extensions that may be useful in the Internet PKI. The profiles are presented in the 1988 Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) rather than the 1997 ASN.1 syntax used in the most recent ISO/IEC/ITU-T standards. Section 6 includes certification path validation procedures. These procedures are based upon the ISO/IEC/ITU-T definition. Implementations are REQUIRED to derive the same results but are not required to use the specified procedures.
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   Procedures for identification and encoding of public key materials
   and digital signatures are defined in [RFC3279], [RFC4055], and
   [RFC4491].  Implementations of this specification are not required to
   use any particular cryptographic algorithms.  However, conforming
   implementations that use the algorithms identified in [RFC3279],
   [RFC4055], and [RFC4491] MUST identify and encode the public key
   materials and digital signatures as described in those
   specifications.

   Finally, three appendices are provided to aid implementers.  Appendix
   A contains all ASN.1 structures defined or referenced within this
   specification.  As above, the material is presented in the 1988
   ASN.1.  Appendix B contains notes on less familiar features of the
   ASN.1 notation used within this specification.  Appendix C contains
   examples of conforming certificates and a conforming CRL.

   This specification obsoletes [RFC3280].  Differences from RFC 3280
   are summarized below:

      * Enhanced support for internationalized names is specified in
        Section 7, with rules for encoding and comparing
        Internationalized Domain Names, Internationalized Resource
        Identifiers (IRIs), and distinguished names.  These rules are
        aligned with comparison rules established in current RFCs,
        including [RFC3490], [RFC3987], and [RFC4518].

      * Sections 4.1.2.4 and 4.1.2.6 incorporate the conditions for
        continued use of legacy text encoding schemes that were
        specified in [RFC4630].  Where in use by an established PKI,
        transition to UTF8String could cause denial of service based on
        name chaining failures or incorrect processing of name
        constraints.

      * Section 4.2.1.4 in RFC 3280, which specified the
        privateKeyUsagePeriod certificate extension but deprecated its
        use, was removed.  Use of this ISO standard extension is neither
        deprecated nor recommended for use in the Internet PKI.

      * Section 4.2.1.5 recommends marking the policy mappings extension
        as critical.  RFC 3280 required that the policy mappings
        extension be marked as non-critical.

      * Section 4.2.1.11 requires marking the policy constraints
        extension as critical.  RFC 3280 permitted the policy
        constraints extension to be marked as critical or non-critical.

      * The Authority Information Access (AIA) CRL extension, as
        specified in [RFC4325], was added as Section 5.2.7.
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      * Sections 5.2 and 5.3 clarify the rules for handling unrecognized
        CRL extensions and CRL entry extensions, respectively.

      * Section 5.3.2 in RFC 3280, which specified the
        holdInstructionCode CRL entry extension, was removed.

      * The path validation algorithm specified in Section 6 no longer
        tracks the criticality of the certificate policies extensions in
        a chain of certificates.  In RFC 3280, this information was
        returned to a relying party.

      * The Security Considerations section addresses the risk of
        circular dependencies arising from the use of https or similar
        schemes in the CRL distribution points, authority information
        access, or subject information access extensions.

      * The Security Considerations section addresses risks associated
        with name ambiguity.

      * The Security Considerations section references RFC 4210 for
        procedures to signal changes in CA operations.

   The ASN.1 modules in Appendix A are unchanged from RFC 3280, except
   that ub-emailaddress-length was changed from 128 to 255 in order to
   align with PKCS #9 [RFC2985].

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2. Requirements and Assumptions

The goal of this specification is to develop a profile to facilitate the use of X.509 certificates within Internet applications for those communities wishing to make use of X.509 technology. Such applications may include WWW, electronic mail, user authentication, and IPsec. In order to relieve some of the obstacles to using X.509 certificates, this document defines a profile to promote the development of certificate management systems, development of application tools, and interoperability determined by policy. Some communities will need to supplement, or possibly replace, this profile in order to meet the requirements of specialized application domains or environments with additional authorization, assurance, or operational requirements. However, for basic applications, common representations of frequently used attributes are defined so that
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   application developers can obtain necessary information without
   regard to the issuer of a particular certificate or certificate
   revocation list (CRL).

   A certificate user should review the certificate policy generated by
   the certification authority (CA) before relying on the authentication
   or non-repudiation services associated with the public key in a
   particular certificate.  To this end, this standard does not
   prescribe legally binding rules or duties.

   As supplemental authorization and attribute management tools emerge,
   such as attribute certificates, it may be appropriate to limit the
   authenticated attributes that are included in a certificate.  These
   other management tools may provide more appropriate methods of
   conveying many authenticated attributes.

2.1. Communication and Topology

The users of certificates will operate in a wide range of environments with respect to their communication topology, especially users of secure electronic mail. This profile supports users without high bandwidth, real-time IP connectivity, or high connection availability. In addition, the profile allows for the presence of firewall or other filtered communication. This profile does not assume the deployment of an X.500 directory system [X.500] or a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directory system [RFC4510]. The profile does not prohibit the use of an X.500 directory or an LDAP directory; however, any means of distributing certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs) may be used.

2.2. Acceptability Criteria

The goal of the Internet Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is to meet the needs of deterministic, automated identification, authentication, access control, and authorization functions. Support for these services determines the attributes contained in the certificate as well as the ancillary control information in the certificate such as policy data and certification path constraints.

2.3. User Expectations

Users of the Internet PKI are people and processes who use client software and are the subjects named in certificates. These uses include readers and writers of electronic mail, the clients for WWW browsers, WWW servers, and the key manager for IPsec within a router. This profile recognizes the limitations of the platforms these users
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   employ and the limitations in sophistication and attentiveness of the
   users themselves.  This manifests itself in minimal user
   configuration responsibility (e.g., trusted CA keys, rules), explicit
   platform usage constraints within the certificate, certification path
   constraints that shield the user from many malicious actions, and
   applications that sensibly automate validation functions.

2.4. Administrator Expectations

As with user expectations, the Internet PKI profile is structured to support the individuals who generally operate CAs. Providing administrators with unbounded choices increases the chances that a subtle CA administrator mistake will result in broad compromise. Also, unbounded choices greatly complicate the software that process and validate the certificates created by the CA.

3. Overview of Approach

Following is a simplified view of the architectural model assumed by the Public-Key Infrastructure using X.509 (PKIX) specifications. The components in this model are: end entity: user of PKI certificates and/or end user system that is the subject of a certificate; CA: certification authority; RA: registration authority, i.e., an optional system to which a CA delegates certain management functions; CRL issuer: a system that generates and signs CRLs; and repository: a system or collection of distributed systems that stores certificates and CRLs and serves as a means of distributing these certificates and CRLs to end entities. CAs are responsible for indicating the revocation status of the certificates that they issue. Revocation status information may be provided using the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) [RFC2560], certificate revocation lists (CRLs), or some other mechanism. In general, when revocation status information is provided using CRLs, the CA is also the CRL issuer. However, a CA may delegate the responsibility for issuing CRLs to a different entity. Note that an Attribute Authority (AA) might also choose to delegate the publication of CRLs to a CRL issuer.
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   +---+
   | C |                       +------------+
   | e | <-------------------->| End entity |
   | r |       Operational     +------------+
   | t |       transactions          ^
   | i |      and management         |  Management
   | f |       transactions          |  transactions        PKI
   | i |                             |                     users
   | c |                             v
   | a | =======================  +--+------------+  ==============
   | t |                          ^               ^
   | e |                          |               |         PKI
   |   |                          v               |      management
   | & |                       +------+           |       entities
   |   | <---------------------|  RA  |<----+     |
   | C |  Publish certificate  +------+     |     |
   | R |                                    |     |
   | L |                                    |     |
   |   |                                    v     v
   | R |                                +------------+
   | e | <------------------------------|     CA     |
   | p |   Publish certificate          +------------+
   | o |   Publish CRL                     ^      ^
   | s |                                   |      |  Management
   | i |                +------------+     |      |  transactions
   | t | <--------------| CRL Issuer |<----+      |
   | o |   Publish CRL  +------------+            v
   | r |                                      +------+
   | y |                                      |  CA  |
   +---+                                      +------+

                      Figure 1. PKI Entities

3.1. X.509 Version 3 Certificate

Users of a public key require confidence that the associated private key is owned by the correct remote subject (person or system) with which an encryption or digital signature mechanism will be used. This confidence is obtained through the use of public key certificates, which are data structures that bind public key values to subjects. The binding is asserted by having a trusted CA digitally sign each certificate. The CA may base this assertion upon technical means (a.k.a., proof of possession through a challenge- response protocol), presentation of the private key, or on an assertion by the subject. A certificate has a limited valid lifetime, which is indicated in its signed contents. Because a certificate's signature and timeliness can be independently checked by a certificate-using client, certificates can be distributed via
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   untrusted communications and server systems, and can be cached in
   unsecured storage in certificate-using systems.

   ITU-T X.509 (formerly CCITT X.509) or ISO/IEC 9594-8, which was first
   published in 1988 as part of the X.500 directory recommendations,
   defines a standard certificate format [X.509].  The certificate
   format in the 1988 standard is called the version 1 (v1) format.
   When X.500 was revised in 1993, two more fields were added, resulting
   in the version 2 (v2) format.

   The Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) RFCs, published in 1993,
   include specifications for a public key infrastructure based on X.509
   v1 certificates [RFC1422].  The experience gained in attempts to
   deploy RFC 1422 made it clear that the v1 and v2 certificate formats
   were deficient in several respects.  Most importantly, more fields
   were needed to carry information that PEM design and implementation
   experience had proven necessary.  In response to these new
   requirements, the ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 developed the X.509
   version 3 (v3) certificate format.  The v3 format extends the v2
   format by adding provision for additional extension fields.
   Particular extension field types may be specified in standards or may
   be defined and registered by any organization or community.  In June
   1996, standardization of the basic v3 format was completed [X.509].

   ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 have also developed standard extensions
   for use in the v3 extensions field [X.509][X9.55].  These extensions
   can convey such data as additional subject identification
   information, key attribute information, policy information, and
   certification path constraints.

   However, the ISO/IEC, ITU-T, and ANSI X9 standard extensions are very
   broad in their applicability.  In order to develop interoperable
   implementations of X.509 v3 systems for Internet use, it is necessary
   to specify a profile for use of the X.509 v3 extensions tailored for
   the Internet.  It is one goal of this document to specify a profile
   for Internet WWW, electronic mail, and IPsec applications.
   Environments with additional requirements may build on this profile
   or may replace it.

3.2. Certification Paths and Trust

A user of a security service requiring knowledge of a public key generally needs to obtain and validate a certificate containing the required public key. If the public key user does not already hold an assured copy of the public key of the CA that signed the certificate, the CA's name, and related information (such as the validity period or name constraints), then it might need an additional certificate to obtain that public key. In general, a chain of multiple certificates
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   may be needed, comprising a certificate of the public key owner (the
   end entity) signed by one CA, and zero or more additional
   certificates of CAs signed by other CAs.  Such chains, called
   certification paths, are required because a public key user is only
   initialized with a limited number of assured CA public keys.

   There are different ways in which CAs might be configured in order
   for public key users to be able to find certification paths.  For
   PEM, RFC 1422 defined a rigid hierarchical structure of CAs.  There
   are three types of PEM certification authority:

      (a)  Internet Policy Registration Authority (IPRA):  This
           authority, operated under the auspices of the Internet
           Society, acts as the root of the PEM certification hierarchy
           at level 1.  It issues certificates only for the next level
           of authorities, PCAs.  All certification paths start with the
           IPRA.

      (b)  Policy Certification Authorities (PCAs):  PCAs are at level 2
           of the hierarchy, each PCA being certified by the IPRA.  A
           PCA shall establish and publish a statement of its policy
           with respect to certifying users or subordinate certification
           authorities.  Distinct PCAs aim to satisfy different user
           needs.  For example, one PCA (an organizational PCA) might
           support the general electronic mail needs of commercial
           organizations, and another PCA (a high-assurance PCA) might
           have a more stringent policy designed for satisfying legally
           binding digital signature requirements.

      (c)  Certification Authorities (CAs):  CAs are at level 3 of the
           hierarchy and can also be at lower levels.  Those at level 3
           are certified by PCAs.  CAs represent, for example,
           particular organizations, particular organizational units
           (e.g., departments, groups, sections), or particular
           geographical areas.

   RFC 1422 furthermore has a name subordination rule, which requires
   that a CA can only issue certificates for entities whose names are
   subordinate (in the X.500 naming tree) to the name of the CA itself.
   The trust associated with a PEM certification path is implied by the
   PCA name.  The name subordination rule ensures that CAs below the PCA
   are sensibly constrained as to the set of subordinate entities they
   can certify (e.g., a CA for an organization can only certify entities
   in that organization's name tree).  Certificate user systems are able
   to mechanically check that the name subordination rule has been
   followed.
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   RFC 1422 uses the X.509 v1 certificate format.  The limitations of
   X.509 v1 required imposition of several structural restrictions to
   clearly associate policy information or restrict the utility of
   certificates.  These restrictions included:

      (a)  a pure top-down hierarchy, with all certification paths
           starting from IPRA;

      (b)  a naming subordination rule restricting the names of a CA's
           subjects; and

      (c)  use of the PCA concept, which requires knowledge of
           individual PCAs to be built into certificate chain
           verification logic.  Knowledge of individual PCAs was
           required to determine if a chain could be accepted.

   With X.509 v3, most of the requirements addressed by RFC 1422 can be
   addressed using certificate extensions, without a need to restrict
   the CA structures used.  In particular, the certificate extensions
   relating to certificate policies obviate the need for PCAs and the
   constraint extensions obviate the need for the name subordination
   rule.  As a result, this document supports a more flexible
   architecture, including:

      (a)  Certification paths start with a public key of a CA in a
           user's own domain, or with the public key of the top of a
           hierarchy.  Starting with the public key of a CA in a user's
           own domain has certain advantages.  In some environments, the
           local domain is the most trusted.

      (b)  Name constraints may be imposed through explicit inclusion of
           a name constraints extension in a certificate, but are not
           required.

      (c)  Policy extensions and policy mappings replace the PCA
           concept, which permits a greater degree of automation.  The
           application can determine if the certification path is
           acceptable based on the contents of the certificates instead
           of a priori knowledge of PCAs.  This permits automation of
           certification path processing.

   X.509 v3 also includes an extension that identifies the subject of a
   certificate as being either a CA or an end entity, reducing the
   reliance on out-of-band information demanded in PEM.

   This specification covers two classes of certificates: CA
   certificates and end entity certificates.  CA certificates may be
   further divided into three classes: cross-certificates, self-issued
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   certificates, and self-signed certificates.  Cross-certificates are
   CA certificates in which the issuer and subject are different
   entities.  Cross-certificates describe a trust relationship between
   the two CAs.  Self-issued certificates are CA certificates in which
   the issuer and subject are the same entity.  Self-issued certificates
   are generated to support changes in policy or operations.  Self-
   signed certificates are self-issued certificates where the digital
   signature may be verified by the public key bound into the
   certificate.  Self-signed certificates are used to convey a public
   key for use to begin certification paths.  End entity certificates
   are issued to subjects that are not authorized to issue certificates.

3.3. Revocation

When a certificate is issued, it is expected to be in use for its entire validity period. However, various circumstances may cause a certificate to become invalid prior to the expiration of the validity period. Such circumstances include change of name, change of association between subject and CA (e.g., an employee terminates employment with an organization), and compromise or suspected compromise of the corresponding private key. Under such circumstances, the CA needs to revoke the certificate. X.509 defines one method of certificate revocation. This method involves each CA periodically issuing a signed data structure called a certificate revocation list (CRL). A CRL is a time-stamped list identifying revoked certificates that is signed by a CA or CRL issuer and made freely available in a public repository. Each revoked certificate is identified in a CRL by its certificate serial number. When a certificate-using system uses a certificate (e.g., for verifying a remote user's digital signature), that system not only checks the certificate signature and validity but also acquires a suitably recent CRL and checks that the certificate serial number is not on that CRL. The meaning of "suitably recent" may vary with local policy, but it usually means the most recently issued CRL. A new CRL is issued on a regular periodic basis (e.g., hourly, daily, or weekly). An entry is added to the CRL as part of the next update following notification of revocation. An entry MUST NOT be removed from the CRL until it appears on one regularly scheduled CRL issued beyond the revoked certificate's validity period. An advantage of this revocation method is that CRLs may be distributed by exactly the same means as certificates themselves, namely, via untrusted servers and untrusted communications. One limitation of the CRL revocation method, using untrusted communications and servers, is that the time granularity of revocation is limited to the CRL issue period. For example, if a
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   revocation is reported now, that revocation will not be reliably
   notified to certificate-using systems until all currently issued CRLs
   are scheduled to be updated -- this may be up to one hour, one day,
   or one week depending on the frequency that CRLs are issued.

   As with the X.509 v3 certificate format, in order to facilitate
   interoperable implementations from multiple vendors, the X.509 v2 CRL
   format needs to be profiled for Internet use.  It is one goal of this
   document to specify that profile.  However, this profile does not
   require the issuance of CRLs.  Message formats and protocols
   supporting on-line revocation notification are defined in other PKIX
   specifications.  On-line methods of revocation notification may be
   applicable in some environments as an alternative to the X.509 CRL.
   On-line revocation checking may significantly reduce the latency
   between a revocation report and the distribution of the information
   to relying parties.  Once the CA accepts a revocation report as
   authentic and valid, any query to the on-line service will correctly
   reflect the certificate validation impacts of the revocation.
   However, these methods impose new security requirements: the
   certificate validator needs to trust the on-line validation service
   while the repository does not need to be trusted.

3.4. Operational Protocols

Operational protocols are required to deliver certificates and CRLs (or status information) to certificate-using client systems. Provisions are needed for a variety of different means of certificate and CRL delivery, including distribution procedures based on LDAP, HTTP, FTP, and X.500. Operational protocols supporting these functions are defined in other PKIX specifications. These specifications may include definitions of message formats and procedures for supporting all of the above operational environments, including definitions of or references to appropriate MIME content types.

3.5. Management Protocols

Management protocols are required to support on-line interactions between PKI user and management entities. For example, a management protocol might be used between a CA and a client system with which a key pair is associated, or between two CAs that cross-certify each other. The set of functions that potentially need to be supported by management protocols include: (a) registration: This is the process whereby a user first makes itself known to a CA (directly, or through an RA), prior to that CA issuing a certificate or certificates for that user.
Top   ToC   RFC5280 - Page 15
      (b)  initialization:  Before a client system can operate securely,
           it is necessary to install key materials that have the
           appropriate relationship with keys stored elsewhere in the
           infrastructure.  For example, the client needs to be securely
           initialized with the public key and other assured information
           of the trusted CA(s), to be used in validating certificate
           paths.

           Furthermore, a client typically needs to be initialized with
           its own key pair(s).

      (c)  certification:  This is the process in which a CA issues a
           certificate for a user's public key, and returns that
           certificate to the user's client system and/or posts that
           certificate in a repository.

      (d)  key pair recovery:  As an option, user client key materials
           (e.g., a user's private key used for encryption purposes) may
           be backed up by a CA or a key backup system.  If a user needs
           to recover these backed-up key materials (e.g., as a result
           of a forgotten password or a lost key chain file), an on-line
           protocol exchange may be needed to support such recovery.

      (e)  key pair update:  All key pairs need to be updated regularly,
           i.e., replaced with a new key pair, and new certificates
           issued.

      (f)  revocation request:  An authorized person advises a CA of an
           abnormal situation requiring certificate revocation.

      (g)  cross-certification:  Two CAs exchange information used in
           establishing a cross-certificate.  A cross-certificate is a
           certificate issued by one CA to another CA that contains a CA
           signature key used for issuing certificates.

   Note that on-line protocols are not the only way of implementing the
   above functions.  For all functions, there are off-line methods of
   achieving the same result, and this specification does not mandate
   use of on-line protocols.  For example, when hardware tokens are
   used, many of the functions may be achieved as part of the physical
   token delivery.  Furthermore, some of the above functions may be
   combined into one protocol exchange.  In particular, two or more of
   the registration, initialization, and certification functions can be
   combined into one protocol exchange.
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   The PKIX series of specifications defines a set of standard message
   formats supporting the above functions.  The protocols for conveying
   these messages in different environments (e.g., email, file transfer,
   and WWW) are described in those specifications.



(page 16 continued on part 2)

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