RFC 4108
Using Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to Protect Firmware Packages
Network Working Group R. Housley Request for Comments: 4108 Vigil Security Category: Standards Track August 2005 Using Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to Protect Firmware Packages Status of This Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).Abstract
This document describes the use of the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) to protect firmware packages, which provide object code for one or more hardware module components. CMS is specified in RFC 3852. A digital signature is used to protect the firmware package from undetected modification and to provide data origin authentication. Encryption is optionally used to protect the firmware package from disclosure, and compression is optionally used to reduce the size of the protected firmware package. A firmware package loading receipt can optionally be generated to acknowledge the successful loading of a firmware package. Similarly, a firmware package load error report can optionally be generated to convey the failure to load a firmware package.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Terminology ................................................5 1.2. Architectural Elements .....................................5 1.2.1. Hardware Module Requirements ........................7 1.2.2. Firmware Package Requirements .......................8 1.2.3. Bootstrap Loader Requirements .......................9 1.2.3.1. Legacy Stale Version Processing ...........11 1.2.3.2. Preferred Stale Version Processing ........12 1.2.4. Trust Anchors ......................................12 1.2.5. Cryptographic and Compression Algorithm Requirements .......................................13 1.3. Hardware Module Security Architecture .....................14 1.4. ASN.1 Encoding ............................................14 1.5. Protected Firmware Package Loading ........................15 2. Firmware Package Protection ....................................15 2.1. Firmware Package Protection CMS Content Type Profile ......18 2.1.1. ContentInfo ........................................18 2.1.2. SignedData .........................................18 2.1.2.1. SignerInfo ................................19 2.1.2.2. EncapsulatedContentInfo ...................20 2.1.3. EncryptedData ......................................20 2.1.3.1. EncryptedContentInfo ......................21 2.1.4. CompressedData .....................................21 2.1.4.1. EncapsulatedContentInfo ...................22 2.1.5. FirmwarePkgData ....................................22 2.2. Signed Attributes .........................................22 2.2.1. Content Type .......................................23 2.2.2. Message Digest .....................................24 2.2.3. Firmware Package Identifier ........................24 2.2.4. Target Hardware Module Identifiers .................25 2.2.5. Decrypt Key Identifier .............................26 2.2.6. Implemented Crypto Algorithms ......................26 2.2.7. Implemented Compression Algorithms .................27 2.2.8. Community Identifiers ..............................27 2.2.9. Firmware Package Information .......................29 2.2.10. Firmware Package Message Digest ...................30 2.2.11. Signing Time ......................................30 2.2.12. Content Hints .....................................31 2.2.13. Signing Certificate ...............................31 2.3. Unsigned Attributes .......................................32 2.3.1. Wrapped Firmware Decryption Key ....................33 3. Firmware Package Load Receipt ..................................34 3.1. Firmware Package Load Receipt CMS Content Type Profile ....36 3.1.1. ContentInfo ........................................36
3.1.2. SignedData .........................................36
3.1.2.1. SignerInfo ................................37
3.1.2.2. EncapsulatedContentInfo ...................38
3.1.3. FirmwarePackageLoadReceipt .........................38
3.2. Signed Attributes .........................................40
3.2.1. Content Type .......................................40
3.2.2. Message Digest .....................................40
3.2.3. Signing Time .......................................40
4. Firmware Package Load Error ....................................41
4.1. Firmware Package Load Error CMS Content Type Profile ......42
4.1.1. ContentInfo ........................................42
4.1.2. SignedData .........................................43
4.1.2.1. SignerInfo ................................43
4.1.2.2. EncapsulatedContentInfo ...................43
4.1.3. FirmwarePackageLoadError ...........................43
4.2. Signed Attributes .........................................49
4.2.1. Content Type .......................................49
4.2.2. Message Digest .....................................49
4.2.3. Signing Time .......................................50
5. Hardware Module Name ...........................................50
6. Security Considerations ........................................51
6.1. Cryptographic Keys and Algorithms .........................51
6.2. Random Number Generation ..................................51
6.3. Stale Firmware Package Version Number .....................52
6.4. Community Identifiers .....................................53
7. References .....................................................54
7.1. Normative References ......................................54
7.2. Informative References ....................................54
Appendix A: ASN.1 Module ..........................................56
1. Introduction
This document describes the use of the Cryptographic Message Syntax
(CMS) [CMS] to protect firmware packages. This document also
describes the use of CMS for receipts and error reports for firmware
package loading. The CMS is a data protection encapsulation syntax
that makes use of ASN.1 [X.208-88, X.209-88]. The protected firmware
package can be associated with any particular hardware module;
however, this specification was written with the requirements of
cryptographic hardware modules in mind, as these modules have strong
security requirements.
The firmware package contains object code for one or more
programmable components that make up the hardware module. The
firmware package, which is treated as an opaque binary object, is
digitally signed. Optional encryption and compression are also
supported. When all three are used, the firmware package is
compressed, then encrypted, and then signed. Compression simply
reduces the size of the firmware package, allowing more efficient processing and transmission. Encryption protects the firmware package from disclosure, which allows transmission of sensitive firmware packages over insecure links. The encryption algorithm and mode employed may also provide integrity, protecting the firmware package from undetected modification. The encryption protects proprietary algorithms, classified algorithms, trade secrets, and implementation techniques. The digital signature protects the firmware package from undetected modification and provides data origin authentication. The digital signature allows the hardware module to confirm that the firmware package comes from an acceptable source. If encryption is used, the firmware-decryption key must be made available to the hardware module via a secure path. The key might be delivered via physical media or via an independent electronic path. One optional mechanism for distributing the firmware-decryption key is specified in Section 2.3.1, but any secure key distribution mechanism is acceptable. The signature verification public key must be made available to the hardware module in a manner that preserves its integrity and confirms its source. CMS supports the transfer of certificates, and this facility can be used to transfer a certificate that contains the signature verification public key (a firmware-signing certificate). However, use of this facility introduces a level of indirection. Ultimately, a trust anchor public key must be made available to the hardware module. Section 1.2 establishes a requirement that the hardware module store one or more trust anchors. Hardware modules may not be capable of accessing certificate repositories or delegated path discovery (DPD) servers [DPD&DPV] to acquire certificates needed to complete a certification path. Thus, it is the responsibility of the firmware package signer to include sufficient certificates to enable each module to validate the firmware-signer certificate (see Section 2.1.2). Similarly, hardware modules may not be capable of accessing a certificate revocation list (CRL) repository, an OCSP responder [OCSP], or a delegated path validation (DPV) server [DPD&DPV] to acquire revocation status information. Thus, if the firmware package signature cannot be validated solely with the trust anchor public key and the hardware module is not capable of performing full certification path validation, then it is the responsibility of the entity loading a package into a hardware module to validate the firmware-signer certification path prior to loading the package into a hardware module. The means by which this external certificate revocation status checking is performed is beyond the scope of this specification.
Hardware modules will only accept firmware packages with a valid digital signature. The signature is either validated directly using the trust anchor public key or using a firmware-signer certification path that is validated to the trust anchor public key. Thus, the trust anchors define the set of entities that can create firmware packages for the hardware module. The disposition of a previously loaded firmware package after the successful validation of another firmware package is beyond the scope of this specification. The amount of memory available to the hardware module will determine the range of alternatives. In some cases, hardware modules can generate receipts to acknowledge the loading of a particular firmware package. Such receipts can be used to determine which hardware modules need to receive an updated firmware package whenever a flaw in an earlier firmware package is discovered. Hardware modules can also generate error reports to indicate the unsuccessful firmware package loading. To implement either receipt or error report generation, the hardware module is required to have a unique permanent serial number. Receipts and error reports can be either signed or unsigned. To generate digitally signed receipts or error reports, a hardware module MUST be issued its own private signature key and a certificate that contains the corresponding signature validation public key. In order to save memory with the hardware module, the hardware module might store a certificate designator instead of the certificate itself. The private signature key requires secure storage.1.1. Terminology
In this document, the key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL are to be interpreted as described in [STDWORDS].1.2. Architectural Elements
The architecture includes the hardware module, the firmware package, and a bootstrap loader. The bootstrap loader MUST have access to one or more trusted public keys, called trust anchors, to validate the signature on the firmware package. If a signed firmware package load receipt or error report is created on behalf of the hardware module, then the bootstrap loader MUST have access to a private signature key to generate the signature and the signer identifier for the corresponding signature validation certificate or its designator. A signature validation certificate MAY be included to aid signature validation. To implement this optional capability, the hardware module MUST have a unique serial number and a private signature key; the hardware module MAY also include a certificate that contains the
corresponding signature validation public key. These items MUST be installed in the hardware module before it is deployed. The private key and certificate can be generated and installed as part of the hardware module manufacture process. Figure 1 illustrates these architectural elements. ASN.1 object identifiers are the preferred means of naming the architectural elements. Details of managing the trust anchors are beyond the scope of this specification. However, one or more trust anchors MUST be installed in the hardware module using a secure process before it is deployed. These trust anchors provide a means of controlling the acceptable sources of firmware packages. The hardware module vendor can include provisions for secure, remote management of trust anchors. One approach is to include trust anchors in the firmware packages themselves. This approach is analogous to the optional capability described later for updating the bootstrap loader. In a cryptographic hardware module, the firmware package might implement many different cryptographic algorithms. When the firmware package is encrypted, the firmware-decryption key and the firmware package MUST both be provided to the hardware module. The firmware-decryption key is necessary to use the associated firmware package. Generally, separate distribution mechanisms will be employed for the firmware-decryption key and the firmware package. An optional mechanism for securely distributing the firmware-decryption key with the firmware package is specified in Section 2.3.1.
+------------------------------------------------------+ | Hardware Module | | | | +---------------+ +--------------------------+ | | | Bootstrap | | Firmware Package | | | | Loader | | | | | +---------------+ | +------------------+ | | | | : Firmware Package : | | | +---------------+ | : Identifier and : | | | | Trust | | : Version Number : | | | | Anchor(s) | | +------------------+ | | | +---------------+ | | | | | +-------------+ | | | +---------------+ | : Algorithm 1 : | | | | Serial Num. | | +-+-----------+-+ | | | +---------------+ | : Algorithm 2 : | | | | +-+-----------+-+ | | | +---------------+ | : Algorithm n : | | | | Hardware | | +-------------+ | | | | Module Type | | | | | +---------------+ +--------------------------+ | | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | Optional Private Signature Key & | | | | Signature Validation Certificate | | | | or the Certificate Designator | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | +------------------------------------------------------+ Figure 1. Architectural Elements1.2.1. Hardware Module Requirements
Many different vendors develop hardware modules, and each vendor typically identifies its modules by product type (family) and revision level. A unique object identifier MUST name each hardware module type and revision. Each hardware module within a hardware module family SHOULD have a unique permanent serial number. However, if the optional receipt or error report generation capability is implemented, then the hardware module MUST have a unique permanent serial number. If the optional receipt or error report signature capability is implemented, then the hardware module MUST have a private signature key and a certificate containing the corresponding public signature validation key or its designator. If a serial number is present, the bootstrap loader uses
it for authorization decisions (see Section 2.2.8), receipt generation (see Section 3), and error report generation (see Section 4). When the hardware module includes more than one firmware-programmable component, the bootstrap loader distributes components of the package to the appropriate components within the hardware module after the firmware package is validated. The bootstrap loader is discussed further in Section 1.2.3.1.2.2. Firmware Package Requirements
Two approaches to naming firmware packages are supported: legacy and preferred. Firmware package names are placed in a CMS signed attribute, not in the firmware package itself. Legacy firmware package names are simply octet strings, and no structure is assumed. This firmware package name form is supported in order to facilitate existing configuration management systems. We assume that the firmware signer and the bootstrap loader will understand any internal structure to the octet string. In particular, given two legacy firmware package names, we assume that the firmware signer and the bootstrap loader will be able to determine which one represents the newer version of the firmware package. This capability is necessary to implement the stale version feature. If a firmware package with a disastrous flaw is released, subsequent firmware package versions MAY designate a stale legacy firmware package name in order to prevent subsequent rollback to the stale version or versions earlier than the stale version. Preferred firmware package names are a combination of the firmware package object identifier and a version number. A unique object identifier MUST identify the collection of features that characterize the firmware package. For example, firmware packages for a cable modem and a wireless LAN network interface card warrant distinct object identifiers. Similarly, firmware packages that implement distinct suites of cryptographic algorithms and modes of operation, or that emulate different (non-programmable) cryptographic devices warrant distinct object identifiers. The version number MUST identify a particular build or release of the firmware package. The version number MUST be a monotonically increasing non-negative integer. Generally, an earlier version is replaced with a later one. If a firmware package with a disastrous flaw is released, subsequent firmware package versions MAY designate a stale version number to prevent subsequent rollback to the stale version or versions earlier than the stale version.
Firmware packages are developed to run on one or more hardware module type. The firmware package digital signature MUST bind the list of supported hardware module object identifiers to the firmware package. In many cases, the firmware package signature will be validated directly with the trust anchor public key, avoiding the need to construct certification paths. Alternatively, the trust anchor can delegate firmware package signing to another public key through a certification path. In the latter case, the firmware package SHOULD contain the certificates needed to construct the certification path that begins with a certificate issued by the trust anchors and ends with a certificate issued to the firmware package signer. The firmware package MAY contain a list of community identifiers. These identifiers name the hardware modules that are authorized to load the firmware package. If the firmware package contains a list of community identifiers, then the bootstrap loader MUST reject the firmware package if the hardware module is not a member of one of the identified communities. When a hardware module includes multiple programmable components, the firmware package SHOULD contain executable code for all of the components. Internal tagging within the firmware package MUST tell the bootstrap loader which portion of the overall firmware package is intended for each component; however, this tagging is expected to be specific to each hardware module. Because this specification treats the firmware package as an opaque binary object, the format of the firmware package is beyond the scope of this specification.1.2.3. Bootstrap Loader Requirements
The bootstrap loader MUST have access to a physical interface and any related driver or protocol software necessary to obtain a firmware package. The same interface SHOULD be used to deliver receipts and error reports. Details of the physical interface as well as the driver or protocol software are beyond the scope of this specification. The bootstrap loader can be a permanent part of the hardware module, or it can be replaced by loading a firmware package. In Figure 1, the bootstrap loader is implemented as separate logic within the hardware module. Not all hardware modules will include the ability to replace or update the bootstrap loader, and this specification does not mandate such support. If the bootstrap loader can be loaded by a firmware package, an initial bootstrap loader MUST be installed in non-volatile memory prior to deployment. All bootstrap loaders, including an initial
bootstrap loader if one is employed, MUST meet the requirements in this section. However, the firmware package containing the bootstrap loader MAY also contain other routines. The bootstrap loader requires access to cryptographic routines. These routines can be implemented specifically for the bootstrap loader, or they can be shared with other hardware module features. The bootstrap loader MUST have access to a one-way hash function and digital signature verification routines to validate the digital signature on the firmware package and to validate the certification path for the firmware-signing certificate. If firmware packages are encrypted, the bootstrap loader MUST have access to a decryption routine. Access to a corresponding encryption function is not required, since hardware modules need not be capable of generating firmware packages. Because some symmetric encryption algorithm implementations (such as AES [AES]) employ separate logic for encryption and decryption, some hardware module savings might result. If firmware packages are compressed, the bootstrap loader MUST also have access to a decompression function. This function can be implemented specifically for the bootstrap loader, or it can be shared with other hardware module features. Access to a corresponding compression function is not required, since hardware modules need not be capable of generating firmware packages. If the optional receipt generation or error report capability is supported, the bootstrap loader MUST have access to the hardware module serial number and the object identifier for the hardware module type. If the optional signed receipt generation or signed error report capability is supported, the bootstrap loader MUST also have access to a one-way hash function and digital signature routines, the hardware module private signing key, and the corresponding signature validation certificate or its designator. The bootstrap loader requires access to one or more trusted public keys, called trust anchors, to validate the firmware package digital signature. One or more trust anchors MUST be installed in non- volatile memory prior to deployment. The bootstrap loader MUST reject a firmware package if it cannot validate the signature, which MAY require the construction of a valid certification path from the firmware-signing certificate to one of the trust anchors [PROFILE]. However, in many cases, the firmware package signature will be validated directly with the trust anchor public key, avoiding the need to construct certification paths.
The bootstrap loader MUST reject a firmware package if the list of supported hardware module type identifiers within the firmware package does not include the object identifier of the hardware module. The bootstrap loader MUST reject a firmware package if the firmware package includes a list of community identifiers and the hardware module is not a member of one of the listed communities. The means of determining community membership is beyond the scope of this specification. The bootstrap loader MUST reject a firmware package if it cannot successfully decrypt the firmware package using the firmware- decryption key available to the hardware module. The firmware package contains an identifier of the firmware-decryption key needed for decryption. When an earlier version of a firmware package is replacing a later one, the bootstrap loader SHOULD generate a warning. The manner in which a warning is generated is highly dependent on the hardware module and the environment in which it is being used. If a firmware package with a disastrous flaw is released and subsequent firmware package versions designate a stale version, the bootstrap loader SHOULD prevent loading of the stale version and versions earlier than the stale version.1.2.3.1. Legacy Stale Version Processing
In case a firmware package with a disastrous flaw is released, subsequent firmware package versions that employ the legacy firmware package name form MAY include a stale legacy firmware package name to prevent subsequent rollback to the stale version or versions earlier than the stale version. As described in the Security Considerations section of this document, the inclusion of a stale legacy firmware package name in a firmware package cannot completely prevent subsequent use of the stale firmware package. However, many hardware modules are expected to have very few firmware packages written for them, allowing the stale firmware package version feature to provide important protections. Non-volatile storage for stale version numbers is needed. The number of stale legacy firmware package names that can be stored depends on the amount of storage that is available. When a firmware package is loaded and it contains a stale legacy firmware package name, then it SHOULD be added to a list kept in non-volatile storage. When subsequent firmware packages are loaded, the legacy firmware package
name of the new package is compared to the list in non-volatile storage. If the legacy firmware package name represents the same version or an older version of a member of the list, then the new firmware packages SHOULD be rejected. The amount of non-volatile storage that needs to be dedicated to saving legacy firmware package names and stale legacy firmware packages names depends on the number of firmware packages that are likely to be developed for the hardware module.1.2.3.2. Preferred Stale Version Processing
If a firmware package with a disastrous flaw is released, subsequent firmware package versions that employ preferred firmware package name form MAY include a stale version number to prevent subsequent rollback to the stale version or versions earlier than the stale version. As described in the Security Considerations section of this document, the inclusion of a stale version number in a firmware package cannot completely prevent subsequent use of the stale firmware package. However, many hardware modules are expected to have very few firmware packages written for them, allowing the stale firmware package version feature to provide important protections. Non-volatile storage for stale version numbers is needed. The number of stale version numbers that can be stored depends on the amount of storage that is available. When a firmware package is loaded and it contains a stale version number, then the object identifier of the firmware package and the stale version number SHOULD be added to a list that is kept in non-volatile storage. When subsequent firmware packages are loaded, the object identifier and version number of the new package are compared to the list in non-volatile storage. If the object identifier matches and the version number is less than or equal to the stale version number, then the new firmware packages SHOULD be rejected. The amount of non-volatile storage that needs to be dedicated to saving firmware package identifiers and stale version numbers depends on the number of firmware packages that are likely to be developed for the hardware module.1.2.4. Trust Anchors
A trust anchor MUST consist of a public key signature algorithm and an associated public key, which MAY optionally include parameters. A trust anchor MUST also include a public key identifier. A trust anchor MAY also include an X.500 distinguished name.
The trust anchor public key is used in conjunction with the signature validation algorithm in two different ways. First, the trust anchor public key is used directly to validate the firmware package signature. Second, the trust anchor public key is used to validate an X.509 certification path, and then the subject public key in the final certificate in the certification path is used to validate the firmware package signature. The public key names the trust anchor, and each public key has a public key identifier. The public key identifier identifies the trust anchor as the signer when it is used directly to validate firmware package signatures. This key identifier can be stored with the trust anchor, or it can be computed from the public key whenever needed. The optional trusted X.500 distinguished name MUST be present in order for the trust anchor public key to be used to validate an X.509 certification path. Without an X.500 distinguished name, certification path construction cannot use the trust anchor.1.2.5. Cryptographic and Compression Algorithm Requirements
A firmware package for a cryptographic hardware module includes cryptographic algorithm implementations. In addition, a firmware package for a non-cryptographic hardware module will likely include cryptographic algorithm implementations to support the bootstrap loader in the validation of firmware packages. A unique algorithm object identifier MUST be assigned for each cryptographic algorithm and mode implemented by a firmware package. A unique algorithm object identifier MUST also be assigned for each compression algorithm implemented by a firmware package. The algorithm object identifiers can be used to determine whether a particular firmware package satisfies the needs of a particular application. To facilitate the development of algorithm-agile applications, the cryptographic module interface SHOULD allow applications to query the cryptographic module for the object identifiers associated with each cryptographic algorithm contained in the currently loaded firmware package. Applications SHOULD also be able to query the cryptographic module to determine attributes associated with each algorithm. Such attributes might include the algorithm type (symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, key agreement, one-way hash function, digital signature, and so on), the algorithm block size or modulus size, and parameters for asymmetric algorithms. This specification does not establish the conventions for the retrieval of algorithm identifiers or algorithm attributes.
1.3. Hardware Module Security Architecture
The bootstrap loader MAY be permanently stored in read-only memory or separately loaded into non-volatile memory as discussed above. In most hardware module designs, the firmware package execution environment offers a single address space. If it does, the firmware package SHOULD contain a complete firmware package load for the hardware module. In this situation, the firmware package does not contain a partial or incremental set of functions. A complete firmware package load will minimize complexity and avoid potential security problems. From a complexity perspective, the incremental loading of packages makes it necessary for each package to identify any other packages that are required (its dependencies), and the bootstrap loader needs to verify that all of the dependencies are satisfied before attempting to execute the firmware package. When a hardware module is based on a general purpose processor or a digital signal processor, it is dangerous to allow arbitrary packages to be loaded simultaneously unless there is a reference monitor to ensure that independent portions of the code cannot interfere with one another. Also, it is difficult to evaluate arbitrary combinations of software modules [SECREQMTS]. For these reasons, a complete firmware package load is RECOMMENDED; however, this specification allows the firmware signer to identify dependencies between firmware packages in order to handle all situations. The firmware packages MAY have dependencies on routines provided by other firmware packages. To minimize the security evaluation complexity of a hardware module employing such a design, the firmware package MUST identify the package identifiers (and the minimum version numbers when the preferred firmware package name form is used) of the packages upon which it depends. The bootstrap loader MUST reject a firmware package load if it contains a dependency on a firmware package that is not available. Loading a firmware package can impact the satisfactory resolution of dependencies of other firmware packages that are already part of the hardware module configuration. For this reason, the bootstrap loader MUST reject the loading of a firmware package if the dependencies of any firmware package in the resulting configurations will be unsatisfied.1.4. ASN.1 Encoding
The CMS uses Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) [X.208-88, X.209-88]. ASN.1 is a formal notation used for describing data protocols, regardless of the programming language used by the implementation. Encoding rules describe how the values defined in
ASN.1 will be represented for transmission. The Basic Encoding Rules (BER) are the most widely employed rule set, but they offer more than one way to represent data structures. For example, definite length encoding and indefinite length encoding are supported. This flexibility is not desirable when digital signatures are used. As a result, the Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) [X.509-88] were invented. DER is a subset of BER that ensures a single way to represent a given value. For example, DER always employs definite length encoding. In this specification, digitally signed structures MUST be encoded with DER. Other structures do not require DER, but the use of definite length encoding is strongly RECOMMENDED. By always using definite length encoding, the bootstrap loader will have fewer options to implement. In situations where there is very high confidence that only definite length encoding will be used, support for indefinite length decoding MAY be omitted.1.5. Protected Firmware Package Loading
This document does not attempt to specify a physical interface, any related driver software, or a protocol necessary for loading firmware packages. Many different delivery mechanisms are envisioned, including portable memory devices, file transfer, and web pages. Section 2 of this specification defines the format that MUST be presented to the hardware module regardless of the interface that is used. This specification also specifies the format of the response that MAY be generated by the hardware module. Section 3 of this specification defines the format that MAY be returned by the hardware module when a firmware package loads successfully. Section 4 of this specification defines the format that MAY be returned by the hardware module when a firmware package load is unsuccessful. The firmware package load receipts and firmware package load error reports can be either signed or unsigned.
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