RFC 2814
SBM (Subnet Bandwidth Manager): A Protocol for RSVP-based Admission Control over IEEE 802-style networks
Pages: 60
Proposed Standard
Proposed Standard
Part 3 of 3 – Pages 36 to 60
A.1. Introduction
To simplify the rest of this discussion, we will assume that there is a single DSBM for the entire L2 domain (i.e., assume a shared L2 segment for the entire L2 domain). Later, we will discuss how a DSBM is elected for a half-duplex or full-duplex switched segment. To allow for quick recovery from the failure of a DSBM, we assume that additional SBMs may be active in a L2 domain for fault tolerance. When more than one SBM is active in a L2 domain, the SBMs use an election algorithm to elect a DSBM for the L2 domain. After the DSBM is elected and is operational, other SBMs remain passive in the background to step in to elect a new DSBM when necessary. The protocol for electing and discovering DSBM is called the "DSBM election protocol" and is described in the rest of this Appendix.A.1.1. How a DSBM Client Detects a Managed Segment
Once elected, a DSBM periodically multicasts an I_AM_DSBM message on the AllSBMAddress to indicate its presence. The message is sent every period (e.g., every 5 seconds) according to the RefreshInterval timer value (a configuration parameter). Absence of such a message over a certain time interval (called "DSBMDeadInterval"; another configuration parameter typically set to a multiple of RefreshInterval) indicates that the DSBM has failed or terminated and triggers another round of the DSBM election. The DSBM clients always listen for periodic DSBM advertisements. The advertisement includes the unicast IP address of the DSBM (DSBMAddress) and DSBM clients send their PATH/RESV (or other) messages to the DSBM. When a DSBM client detects the failure of a DSBM, it waits for a subsequent I_AM_DSBM advertisement before resuming any communication with the DSBM. During the period when a DSBM is not present, a DSBM client may forward outgoing PATH messages using the standard RSVP forwarding rules. The exact message formats and addresses used for communication with (and among) SBM(s) are described in Appendix B.A.2. Overview of the DSBM Election Procedure
When a SBM first starts up, it listens for incoming DSBM advertisements for some period to check whether a DSBM already exists in its L2 domain. If one already exists (and no new election is in progress), the new SBM stays quiet in the background until an election of DSBM is necessary. All messages related to the DSBM election and DSBM advertisements are always sent to the AllSBMAddress.
If no DSBM exists, the SBM initiates the election of a DSBM by sending out a DSBM_WILLING message that lists its IP address as a candidate DSBM and its "SBM priority". Each SBM is assigned a priority to determine its relative precedence. When more than one SBM candidate exists, the SBM priority determines who gets to be the DSBM based on the relative priority of candidates. If there is a tie based on the priority value, the tie is broken using the IP addresses of tied candidates (one with the higher IP address in the lexicographic order wins). The details of the election protocol start in Section A.4.A.2.1 Summary of the Election Algorithm
For the purpose of the algorithm, a SBM is in one of the four states (Idle, DetectDSBM, ElectDSBM, IAMDSBM). A SBM (call it X) starts up in the DetectDSBM state and waits for a ListenInterval for incoming I_AM_DSBM (DSBM advertisement) or DSBM_WILLING messages. If an I_AM_DSBM advertisement is received during this state, the SBM notes the current DSBM (its IP address and priority) and enters the Idle state. If a DSBM_WILLING message is received from another SBM (call it Y) during this state, then X enters the ElectDSBM state. Before entering the new state, X first checks to see whether it itself is a better candidate than Y and, if so, sends out a DSBM_WILLING message and then enters the ElectDSBM state. When a SBM (call it X) enters the ElectDSBM state, it sets a timer (called ElectionIntervalTimer, and typically set to a value at least equal to the DSBMDeadInterval value) to wait for the election to finish and to discover who is the best candidate. In this state, X keeps track of the best (or better) candidate seen so far (including itself). Whenever it receives another DSBM_WILLING message it updates its notion of the best (or better) candidate based on the priority (and tie-breaking) criterion. During the ElectionInterval, X sends out a DSBM_WILLING message every RefreshInterval to (re)assert its candidacy. At the end of the ElectionInterval, X checks whether it is the best candidate so far. If so, it declares itself to be the DSBM (by sending out the I_AM_DSBM advertisement) and enters the IAMDSBM state; otherwise, it decides to wait for the best candidate to declare itself the winner. To wait, X re-initializes its ElectDSBM state and continues to wait for another round of election (each round lasts for an ElectionTimerInterval duration).
A SBM is in Idle state when no election is in progress and the DSBM is already elected (and happens to be someone else). In this state, it listens for incoming I_AM_DSBM advertisements and uses a DSBMDeadIntervalTimer to detect the failure of DSBM. Every time the advertisement is received, the timer is restarted. If the timer fires, the SBM goes into the DetectDSBM state to prepare to elect the new DSBM. If a SBM receives a DSBM_WILLING message from the current DSBM in this state, the SBM enters the ElectDSBM state after sending out a DSBM_WILLING message (to announce its own candidacy). In the IAMDSBM state, the DSBM sends out I_AM_DSBM advertisements every refresh interval. If the DSBM wishes to shut down (gracefully terminate), it sends out a DSBM_WILLING message (with SBM priority value set to zero) to initiate the election procedure. The priority value zero effectively removes the outgoing DSBM from the election procedure and makes way for the election of a different DSBM.A.3. Recovering from DSBM Failure
When a DSBM fails (DSBMDeadIntervalTimer fires), all the SBMs enter the ElectDSBM state and start the election process. At the end of the ElectionInterval, the elected DSBM sends out an I_AM_DSBM advertisement and the DSBM is then operational.A.4. DSBM Advertisements
The I_AM_DSBM advertisement contains the following information: 1. DSBM address information -- contains the IP and L2 addresses of the DSBM and its SBM priority (a configuration parameter -- priority specified by a network administrator). The priority value is used to choose among candidate SBMs during the election algorithm. Higher integer values indicate higher priority and the value is in the range 0..255. The value zero indicates that the SBM is not eligible to be the DSBM. The IP address is required and used for breaking ties. The L2 address is for the interface of the managed segment. 2. RegreshInterval -- contains the value of RefreshInterval in seconds. Value zero indicates the parameter has been omitted in the message. Receivers may substitute their own default value in this case. 3. DSBMDeadInterval -- contains the value of DSBMDeadInterval in seconds. If the value is omitted (or value zero is specified), a default value (from initial configuration) should be used.
4. Miscellaneous configuration information to be advertised to
senders on the managed segment. See Appendix C for further
details.
A.5. DSBM_WILLING Messages
When a SBM wishes to declare its candidacy to be the DSBM during an
election phase, it sends out a DSBM_WILLING message. The DSBM_WILLING
message contains the following information:
1. DSBM address information -- Contains the SBM's own addresses (IP
and L2 address), if it wishes to be the DSBM. The IP address is
required and used for breaking ties. The L2 address is the
address of the interface for the managed segment in question.
Also, the DSBM address information includes the corresponding
priority of the SBM whose address is given above.
A.6. SBM State Variables
For each network interface, a SBM maintains the following state
variables related to the election of the DSBM for the L2 domain on
that interface:
a) LocalDSBMAddrInfo -- current DSBM's IP address (initially,
0.0.0.0) and priority. All IP addresses are assumed to be in
network byte order. In addition, current DSBM's L2 address is
also stored as part of this state information.
b) OwnAddrInfo -- SBM's own IP address and L2 address for the
interface and its own priority (a configuration parameter).
c) RefreshInterval in seconds. When the DSBM is not yet elected,
it is set to a default value specified as a configuration
parameter.
d) DSBMDeadInterval in seconds. When the DSBM is not yet elected,
it is initially set to a default value specified as a
configuration parameter.
f) ListenInterval in seconds -- a configuration parameter that
decides how long a SBM spends in the DetectDSBM state (see
below).
g) ElectionInterval in seconds -- a configuration parameter that
decides how long a SBM spends in the ElectDSBM state when it has
declared its candidacy.
Figure 3 shows the state transition diagram for the election protocol and the various states are described below. A complete description of the state machine is provided in Section A.10.A.7. DSBM Election States
DOWN -- SBM is not operational. DetectDSBM -- typically, the initial state of a SBM when it starts up. In this state, it checks to see whether a DSBM already exists in its domain. Idle -- SBM is in this state when no election is in progress and it is not the DSBM. In this state, SBM passively monitors the state of the DSBM. ElectDSBM -- SBM is in this state when a DSBM election is in progress. IAMDSBM -- SBM is in this state when it is the DSBM for the L2 domain.A.8. Events that cause state changes
StartUp -- SBM starts operation. ListenInterval Timeout -- The ListenInterval timer has fired. This means that the SBM has monitored its domain to check for an existing DSBM or to check whether there are candidates (other than itself) willing to be the DSBM. DSBM_WILLING message received -- This means that the SBM received a DSBM_WILLING message from some other SBM. Such a message is sent when a SBM wishes to declare its candidacy to be the DSBM. I_AM_DSBM message received -- SBM received a DSBM advertisement from the DSBM in its L2 domain. DSBMDeadInterval Timeout -- The DSBMDeadIntervalTimer has fired. This means that the SBM did not receive even one DSBM advertisement during this period and indicates possible failure of the DSBM. RefreshInterval Timeout -- The RefreshIntervalTimer has fired. In the IAMDSBM state, this means it is the time for sending out the next DSBM advertisement. In the ElectDSBM state, the event means that it is the time to send out another DSBM_WILLING message.
ElectionInterval Timeout -- The ElectionIntervalTimer has fired.
This means that the SBM has waited long enough after declaring
its candidacy to determine whether or not it succeeded.
A.9. State Transition Diagram (Figure 3)
+-----------+
+--<--------------<-|DetectDSBM |---->------+
| +-----------+ |
| |
| |
| |
| +-------------+ +---------+ |
+->---| Idle |--<>---|ElectDSBM|--<--+
+-------------+ +---------+
| |
| |
| |
| +-----------+ |
+<<- +---| IAMDSBM |-<-+
| +-----------+
|
| +-----------+
+>>-| SHUTDOWN |
+-----------+
A.10. Election State Machine
Based on the events and states described above, the state changes at
a SBM are described below. Each state change is triggered by an event
and is typically accompanied by a sequence of actions. The state
machine is described assuming a single threaded implementation (to
avoid race conditions between state changes and timer events) with no
timer events occurring during the execution of the state machine.
The following routines will be frequently used in the description of
the state machine:
ComparePrio(FirstAddrInfo, SecondAddrInfo)
-- determines whether the entity represented by the first parameter
is better than the second entity using the priority information
and the IP address information in the two parameters. If any
address is zero, that entity automatically loses; then first
priorities are compared; higher priority candidate wins. If there
is a tie based on the priority value, the tie is broken using the
IP addresses of tied candidates (one with the higher IP address
in the lexicographic order wins). Returns TRUE if first entity
is a better choice. FALSE otherwise.
SendDSBMWilling Message()
Begin
Send out DSBM_WILLING message listing myself as a candidate for
DSBM (copy OwnAddr and priority into appropriate fields)
start RefreshIntervalTimer
goto ElectDSBM state
End
AmIBetterDSBM(OtherAddrInfo)
Begin
if (ComparePrio(OwnAddrInfo, OtherAddrInfo))
return TRUE
change LocalDSBMInfo = OtherDSBMAddrInfo
return FALSE
End
UpdateDSBMInfo()
/* invoked in an assignment such as LocalDSBMInfo = OtherAddrInfo */
Begin
update LocalDSBMInfo such as IP addr, DSBM L2 address,
DSBM priority, RefreshIntervalTimer, DSBMDeadIntervalTimer
End
A.10.1 State Changes
In the following, the action "continue" or "continue in current
state" means an "exit" from the current action sequence without a
state transition.
State: DOWN
Event: StartUp
New State: DetectDSBM
Action: Initialize the local state variables (LocalDSBMADDR and
LocalDSBMAddrInfo set to 0). Start the ListenIntervalTimer.
State: DetectDSBM
New State: Idle
Event: I_AM_DSBM message received
Action: set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingDSBMAddrInfo
start DeadDSBMInterval timer
goto Idle State
State: DetectDSBM
Event: ListenIntervalTimer fired
New State: ElectDSBM
Action: Start ElectionIntervalTimer
SendDSBMWillingMessage();
State: DetectDSBM
Event: DSBM_WILLING message received
New State: ElectDSBM
Action: Cancel any active timers
Start ElectionIntervalTimer
/* am I a better choice than this dude? */
If (ComparePrio(OwnAddrInfo, IncomingDSBMInfo)) {
/* I am better */
SendDSBMWillingMessage()
} else {
Change LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingDSBMAddrInfo
goto ElectDSBM state
}
State: Idle
Event: DSBMDeadIntervalTimer fired.
New State: ElectDSBM
Action: start ElectionIntervalTimer
set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = OwnAddrInfo
SendDSBMWiliingMessage()
State: Idle
Event: I_AM_DSBM message received.
New State: Idle
Action: /* first check whether anything has changed */
if (!ComparePrio(LocalDSBMAddrInfo, IncomingDSBMAddrInfo))
change LocalDSBMAddrInfo to reflect new info
endif
restart DSBMDeadIntervalTimer;
continue in current state;
State: Idle
Event: DSBM_WILLING Message is received
New State: Depends on action (ElectDSBM or Idle)
Action: /* check whether it is from the DSBM itself (shutdown) */
if (IncomingDSBMAddr == LocalDSBMAddr) {
cancel active timers
Set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = OwnAddrInfo
Start ElectionIntervalTimer
SendDSBMWillingMessage() /* goto ElectDSBM state */
}
/* else, ignore it */
continue in current state
State: ElectDSBM
Event: ElectionIntervalTimer Fired
New State: depends on action (IAMDSBM or Current State)
Action: If (LocalDSBMAddrInfo == OwnAddrInfo) {
/* I won */
send I_AM_DSBM message
start RefreshIntervalTimer
goto IAMDSBM state
} else { /* someone else won, so wait for it to declare
itself to be the DSBM */
set LocalDSBMAddressInfo = OwnAddrInfo
start ElectionIntervalTimer
SendDSBMWillingMessage()
continue in current state
}
State: ElectDSBM
Event: I_AM_DSBM message received
New State: Idle
Action: set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingDSBMAddrInfo
Cancel any active timers
start DeadDSBMInterval timer
goto Idle State
State: ElectDSBM
Event: DSBM_WILLING message received
New State: ElectDSBM
Action: Check whether it's a loopback and if so, discard, continue;
if (!AmIBetterDSBM(IncomingDSBMAddrInfo)) {
Change LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingDSBMAddrInfo
Cancel RefreshIntervalTimer
} else if (LocalDSBMAddrInfo == OwnAddrInfo) {
SendDSBMWillingMessage()
}
continue in current state
State: ElectDSBM
Event: RefreshIntervalTimer fired
New State: ElectDSBM
Action: /* continue to send DSBMWilling messages until
election interval ends */
SendDSBMWillingMessage()
State: IAMDSBM
Event: DSBM_WILLING message received
New State: depends on action (IAMDSBM or SteadyState)
Action: /* check whether other guy is better */
If (ComparePrio(OwnAddrInfo, IncomingAddrInfo)) {
/* I am better */
send I_AM_DSBM message
restart RefreshIntervalTimer
continue in current state
} else {
Set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingAddrInfo
cancel active timers
start DSBMDeadIntervalTimer
goto SteadyState
}
State: IAMDSBM
Event: RefreshIntervalTimer fired
New State: IAMDSBM
Action: send I_AM_DSBM message
restart RefreshIntervalTimer
State: IAMDSBM
Event: I_AM_DSBM message received
New State: depends on action (IAMDSBM or Idle)
Action: /* check whether other guy is better */
If (ComparePrio(OwnAddrInfo, IncomingAddrInfo)) {
/* I am better */
send I_AM_DSBM message
restart RefreshIntervalTimer
continue in current state
} else {
Set LocalDSBMAddrInfo = IncomingAddrInfo
cancel active timers
start DSBMDeadIntervalTimer
goto Idle State
}
State: IAMDSBM
Event: Want to shut myself down
New State: DOWN
Action: send DSBM_WILLING message with My address filled in, but
priority set to zero
goto Down State
A.10.2 Suggested Values of Interval Timers
To avoid DSBM outages for long period, to ensure quick recovery from
DSBM failures, and to avoid timeout of PATH and RESV state at the
edge devices, we suggest the following values for various timers.
Assuming that the RSVP implementations use a 30 second timeout for
PATH and RESV refreshes, we suggest that the RefreshIntervalTimer
should be set to about 5 seconds with DSBMDeadIntervalTimer set to 15
seconds (K=3, K*RefreshInterval). The DetectDSBMTimer should be set
to a random value between (DSBMDeadIntervalTimer, 2*DSBMDeadIntervalTimer). The ElectionIntervalTimer should be set at least to the value of DSBMDeadIntervalTimer to ensure that each SBM has a chance to have its DSBM_WILLING message (sent every RefreshInterval in ElectDSBM state) delivered to others.A.10.3. Guidelines for Choice of Values for SBM_PRIORITY
Network administrators should configure SBM protocol entity at each SBM-capable device with the device's "SBM priority" for each of the interfaces attached to a managed segment. SBM_PRIORITY is an 8-bit, unsigned integer value (in the range 0-255) with higher integer values denoting higher priority. The value zero for an interface indicates that the SBM protocol entity on the device is not eligible to be a DSBM for the segment attached to the interface. A separate range of values is reserved for each type of SBM-capable device to reflect the relative priority among different classes of L2/L3 devices. L2 devices get higher priority followed by routers followed by hosts. The priority values in the range of 128..255 are reserved for L2 devices, the values in the range of 64..127 are reserved for routers, and values in the range of 1..63 are reserved for hosts.A.11. DSBM Election over switched links
The election algorithm works as described before in this case except each SBM-capable L2 device restricts the scope of the election to its local segment. As described in Section B.1 below, all messages related to the DSBM election are sent to a special multicast address (AllSBMAddress). AllSBMAddress (its corresponding MAC multicast address) is configured in the permanent database of SBM-capable, layer 2 devices so that all frames with AllSBMAddress as the destination address are not forwarded and instead directed to the SBM management entity in those devices. Thus, a DSBM can be elected separately on each point-to-point segment in a switched topology. For example, in Figure 2, DSBM for "segment A" will be elected using the election algorithm between R1 and S1 and none of the election-related messages on this segment will be forwarded by S1 beyond "segment A". Similarly, a separate election will take place on each segment in this topology. When a switched segment is a half-duplex segment, two senders (one sender at each end of the link) share the link. In this case, one of the two senders will win the DSBM election and will be responsible for managing the segment.
If a switched segment is full-duplex, exactly one sender sends on the link in each direction. In this case, either one or two DSBMs can exist on such a managed segment. If a sender at each end wishes to serve as a DSBM for that end, it can declare itself to be the DSBM by sending out an I_AM_DSBM advertisement and start managing the resources for the outgoing traffic over the segment. If one of the two senders does not wish itself to be the DSBM, then the other DSBM will not receive any DSBM advertisement from its peer and assume itself to be the DSBM for traffic traversing in both directions over the managed segment.
Appendix B Message Encapsulation and Formats
To minimize changes to the existing RSVP implementations and to ensure quick deployment of a SBM in conjunction with RSVP, all communication to and from a DSBM will be performed using messages constructed using the current rules for RSVP message formats and raw IP encapsulation. For more details on the RSVP message formats, refer to the RSVP specification (RFC 2205). No changes to the RSVP message formats are proposed, but new message types and new L2-specific objects are added to the RSVP message formats to accommodate DSBM- related messages. These additions are described below.B.1 Message Addressing
For the purpose of DSBM election and detection, AllSBMAddress is used as the destination address while sending out both DSBM_WILLING and I_AM_DSBM messages. A DSBM client first detects a managed segment by listening to I_AM_DSBM advertisements and records the DSBMAddress (unicast IP address of the DSBM).B.2. Message Sizes
Each message must occupy exactly one IP datagram. If it exceeds the MTU, such a datagram will be fragmented by IP and reassembled at the recipient node. This has a consequence that a single message may not exceed the maximum IP datagram size, approximately 64K bytes.B.3. RSVP-related Message Formats
All RSVP messages directed to and from a DSBM may contain various RSVP objects defined in the RSVP specification and messages continue to follow the formatting rules specified in the RSVP specification. In addition, an RSVP implementation must also recognize new object classes that are described below.B.3.1. Object Formats
All objects are defined using the format specified in the RSVP specification. Each object has a 32-bit header that contains length (of the object in bytes including the object header), the object class number, and a C-Type. All unused fields should be set to zero and ignored on receipt.
B.3.2. SBM Specific Objects
Note that the Class-Num values for the SBM specific objects (LAN_NHOP, LAN_LOOPBACK, and RSVP_HOP_L2) are chosen from the codespace 10XXXXXX. This coding assures that non-SBM aware RSVP nodes will ignore the objects without forwarding them or generating an error message. Within the SBM specific codespace, note the following interpretation of the third most significant bit of the Class-Num: a) Objects of the form 100XXXXX are to be silently discarded by SBM nodes that do not recognize them. b) Objects of the form 101XXXXX are to be silently forwarded by SBM nodes that do not recognize them.B.3.3. IEEE 802 Canonical Address Format
The 48-bit MAC Addresses used by IEEE 802 were originally defined in terms of wire order transmission of bits in the source and destination MAC address fields. The same wire order applied to both Ethernet and Token Ring. Since the bit transmission order of Ethernet and Token Ring data differ - Ethernet octets are transmitted least significant bit first, Token Ring most significant first - the numeric values naturally associated with the same address on different 802 media differ. To facilitate the communication of address values in higher layer protocols which might span both token ring and Ethernet attached systems connected by bridges, it was necessary to define one reference format - the so called canonical format for these addresses. Formally the canonical format defines the value of the address, separate from the encoding rules used for transmission. It comprises a sequence of octets derived from the original wire order transmission bit order as follows. The least significant bit of the first octet is the first bit transmitted, the next least significant bit the second bit, and so on to the most significant bit of the first octet being the 8th bit transmitted; the least significant bit of the second octet is the 9th bit transmitted, and so on to the most significant bit of the sixth octet of the canonical format being the last bit of the address transmitted. This canonical format corresponds to the natural value of the address octets for Ethernet. The actual transmission order or formal encoding rules for addresses on media which do not transmit bit serially are derived from the canonical format octet values.
This document requires that all L2 addresses used in conjunction with the SBM protocol be encoded in the canonical format as a sequence of 6 octets. In the following, we define the object formats for objects that contain L2 addresses that are based on the canonical representation.B.3.4. RSVP_HOP_L2 object
RSVP_HOP_L2 object uses object class = 161; it contains the L2 address of the previous hop L3 device in the IEEE Canonical address format discussed above. RSVP_HOP_L2 object: class = 161, C-Type represents the addressing format used. In our case, C-Type=1 represents the IEEE Canonical Address format. 0 1 2 3 +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+ | Length | 161 |C-Type(addrtype)| +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+ | Variable length Opaque data | +---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+ C-Type = 1 (IEEE Canonical Address format) When C-Type=1, the object format is: 0 1 2 3 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | 12 | 161 | 1 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Octets 0-3 of the MAC address | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Octets 4-5 of the MAC addr. | /// | /// | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ /// -- unused (set to zero)B.3.5. LAN_NHOP object
LAN_NHOP object represents two objects, namely, LAN_NHOP_L3 address object and LAN_NHOP_L2 address object. <LAN_NHOP object> ::= <LAN_NHOP_L2 object> <LAN_NHOP_L3 object> LAN_NHOP_L2 address object uses object class = 162 and uses the same format (but different class number) as the RSVP_HOP_L2 object. It provides the L2 or MAC address of the next hop L3 device.
0 1 2 3
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| Length | 162 |C-Type(addrtype)|
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| Variable length Opaque data |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
C-Type = 1 (IEEE 802 Canonical Address Format as defined below) See
the RSVP_HOP_L2 address object for more details.
LAN_NHOP_L3 object uses object class = 163 and gives the L3 or IP
address of the next hop L3 device.
LAN_NHOP_L3 object: class = 163, C-Type specifies IPv4 or IPv6
address family used.
IPv4 LAN_NHOP_L3 object: class =163, C-Type = 1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| Length = 8 | 163 | 1 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| IPv4 NHOP address |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
IPv6 LAN_NHOP_L3 object: class =163, C-Type = 2
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| Length = 20 | 163 | 2 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| IPv6 NHOP address (16 bytes) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
B.3.6. LAN_LOOPBACK Object
The LAN_LOOPBACK object gives the IP address of the outgoing
interface for a PATH message and uses object class=164; both IPv4 and
IPv6 formats are specified.
IPv4 LAN_LOOPBACK object: class = 164, C-Type = 1
0 1 2 3
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| Length | 164 | 1 |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| IPV4 address of an interface |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
IPv6 LAN_LOOPBACK object: class = 164, C-Type = 2 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Length | 164 | 2 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | + + | | + IPV6 address of an interface + | | + + | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+B.3.7. TCLASS Object
TCLASS object (traffic class based on IEEE 802.1p) uses object class = 165. 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Length | 165 | 1 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | /// | /// | /// | /// | PV | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Only 3 bits in data contain the user_priority value (PV).B.4. RSVP PATH and PATH_TEAR Message Formats
As specified in the RSVP specification, a PATH and PATH_TEAR messages contain the RSVP Common Header and the relevant RSVP objects. For the RSVP Common Header, refer to the RSVP specification (RFC 2205). Enhancements to an RSVP_PATH message include additional objects as specified below. <PATH Message> ::= <RSVP Common Header> [<INTEGRITY>] <RSVP_HOP_L2> <LAN_NHOP> <LAN_LOOPBACK> [<TCLASS>] <SESSION><RSVP_HOP> <TIME_VALUES> [<POLICY DATA>] <sender descriptor> <PATH_TEAR Message> ::= <RSVP Common Header> [<INTEGRITY>] <LAN_LOOPBACK> <LAN_NHOP> <SESSION> <RSVP_HOP> [<sender descriptor>]
If the INTEGRITY object is present, it must immediately follow the RSVP common header. L2-specific objects must always precede the SESSION object.B.5. RSVP RESV Message Format
As specified in the RSVP specification, an RSVP_RESV message contains the RSVP Common Header and relevant RSVP objects. In addition, it may contain an optional TCLASS object as described earlier.B.6. Additional RSVP message types to handle SBM interactions
New RSVP message types are introduced to allow interactions between a DSBM and an RSVP node (host/router) for the purpose of discovering and binding to a DSBM. New RSVP message types needed are as follows: RSVP Msg Type (8 bits) Value DSBM_WILLING 66 I_AM_DSBM 67 All SBM-specific messages are formatted as RSVP messages with an RSVP common header followed by SBM-specific objects. <SBMP_MESSAGE> ::= <SBMP common header> <SBM-specific objects> where <SBMP common header> ::= <RSVP common Header> [<INTEGRITY>] For each SBM message type, there is a set of rules for the permissible choice of object types. These rules are specified using Backus-Naur Form (BNF) augmented with square brackets surrounding optional sub-sequences. The BNF implies an order for the objects in a message. However, in many (but not all) cases, object order makes no logical difference. An implementation should create messages with the objects in the order shown here, but accept the objects in any permissible order. Any exceptions to this rule will be pointed out in the specific message formats. DSBM_WILLING Message <DSBM_WILLING message> ::= <SBM Common Header> <DSBM IP ADDRESS> <DSBM L2 address> <SBM PRIORITY> I_AM_DSBM Message <I_AM_DSBM> ::= <SBM Common Header> <DSBM IP ADDRESS> <DSBM L2 address> <SBM PRIORITY> <DSBM Timer Intervals> [<NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT>]
For compatibility reasons, receivers of the I_AM_DSBM message must be prepared to receive additional objects of the Unknown Class type [RFC-2205]. All I_AM_DSBM messages are multicast to the well known AllSBMAddress. The default priority of a SBM is 1 and higher priority values represent higher precedence. The priority value zero indicates that the SBM is not eligible to be the DSBM. Relevant Objects DSBM IP ADDRESS objects use object class = 42; IPv4 DSBM IP ADDRESS object uses <Class=42, C-Type=1> and IPv6 DSBM IP ADDRESS object uses <Class=42, C-Type=2>. IPv4 DSBM IP ADDRESS object: class = 42, C-Type =1 0 1 2 3 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | IPv4 DSBM IP Address | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ IPv6 DSBM IP ADDRESS object: Class = 42, C-Type = 2 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | + + | | + IPv6 DSBM IP Address + | | + + | | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ <DSBM L2 address> Object is the same as <RSVP_HOP_L2> object with C- Type = 1 for IEEE Canonical Address format. <DSBM L2 address> ::= <RSVP_HOP_L2> A SBM may omit this object by including a NULL L2 address object. For C-Type=1 (IEEE Canonical address format), such a version of the L2 address object contains value zero in the six octets corresponding to the MAC address (see section B.3.4 for the exact format).
SBM_PRIORITY Object: class = 43, C-Type =1
0 1 2 3
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| /// | /// | /// | SBM priority |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
TIMER INTERVAL VALUES.
The two timer intervals, namely, DSBM Dead Interval and DSBM Refresh
Interval, are specified as integer values each in the range of 0..255
seconds. Both values are included in a single "DSBM Timer Intervals"
object described below.
DSBM Timer Intervals Object: class = 44, C-Type =1
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| /// | /// | DeadInterval | RefreshInterval|
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT Object: class = 45, C-Type = 1
0 1 2 3
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
| NonResvSendLimit(limit on traffic allowed to send without RESV)|
| |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+----------------+
<NonResvSendLimit> ::= <Intserv Sender_TSPEC object>
(class=12, C-Type =2)
The NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT object specifies a per-flow limit on the
profile of traffic which a sending host is allowed to send onto a
managed segment without a valid RSVP reservation (see Appendix C for
further details on the usage of this object). The object contains the
NonResvSendLimit parameter. This parameter is equivalent to the
Intserv SENDER_TSPEC (see RFC 2210 for contents and encoding rules).
The SENDER_TSPEC includes five parameters which describe a traffic
profile (r, b, p, m and M). Sending hosts compare the SENDER_TSPEC
describing a sender traffic flow to the SENDER_TSPEC advertised by
the DSBM. If the SENDER_TSPEC of the traffic flow in question is less
than or equal to the SENDER_TSPEC advertised by the DSBM, it is
allowable to send traffic on the corresponding flow without a valid
RSVP reservation in place. Otherwise it is not.
The network administrator may configure the DSBM to disallow any sent
traffic in the absence of an RSVP reservation by configuring a
NonResvSendLimit in which r = 0, b = 0, p = 0, m = infinity and M =
0. Similarly the network administrator may allow any traffic to be sent in the absence of an RSVP reservation by configuring a NonResvSendLimit in which r = infinity, b = infinity, p = infinity, m = 0 and M = infinity. Of course, any of these parameters may be set to values between zero and infinity to advertise finite per-flow limits. The NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT object is optional. Senders on a managed segment should interpret the absence of the NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT object as equivalent to an infinitely large SENDER_TSPEC (it is permissible to send any traffic profile in the absence of an RSVP reservation).
Appendix C The DSBM as a Source of Centralized Configuration Information
There are certain configuration parameters which it may be useful to distribute to layer-3 senders on a managed segment. The DSBM may serve as a centralized management point from which such parameters can easily be distributed. In particular, it is possible for the network administrator configuring a DSBM to cause certain configuration parameters to be distributed as objects appended to the I_AM_DSBM messages. The following configuration object is defined at this time. Others may be defined in the future. See Appendix B for further details regarding the NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT object.C.1. NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT
As we QoS enable layer 2 segments, we expect an evolution from subnets comprised of traditional shared segments (with no means of traffic separation and no DSBM), to subnets comprised of dedicated segments switched by sophisticated switches (with both DSBM and 802.1p traffic separation capability). A set of intermediate configurations consists of a group of QoS enabled hosts sending onto a traditional shared segment. A layer-3 device (or a layer-2 device) acts as a DSBM for the shared segment, but cannot enforce traffic separation. In such a configuration, the DSBM can be configured to limit the number of reservations approved for senders on the segment, but cannot prevent them from sending. As a result, senders may congest the segment even though a network administrator has configured an appropriate limit for admission control in the DSBM. One solution to this problem which would give the network administrator control over the segment, is to require applications (or operating systems on behalf of applications) not to send until they have obtained a reservation. This is problematic as most applications are used to sending as soon as they wish to and expect to get whatever service quality the network is able to grant at that time. Furthermore, it may often be acceptable to allow certain applications to send before a reservation is received. For example, on a segment comprised of a single 10 Mbps ethernet and 10 hosts, it may be acceptable to allow a 16 Kbps telephony stream to be transmitted but not a 3 Mbps video stream. A more pragmatic solution then, is to allow the network administrator to set a per-flow limit on the amount of non-adaptive traffic which a sender is allowed to generate on a managed segment in the absence of a valid reservation. This limit is advertised by the DSBM and received by sending hosts. An API on the sending host can then approve or deny an application's QoS request based on the resources
requested. The NON_RESV_SEND_LIMIT object can be used to advertise a Flowspec which describes the shape of traffic that a sender is allowed to generate on a managed segment when its RSVP reservation requests have either not yet completed or have been rejected.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to Eric Crawley (Argon), Russ Fenger (Intel), David Melman (Siemens), Ramesh Pabbati (Microsoft), Mick Seaman (3COM), Andrew Smith (Extreme Networks) for their constructive comments on the SBM design and the earlier versions of this document.6. Authors' Addresses
Raj Yavatkar Intel Corporation 2111 N.E. 25th Avenue, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA Phone: +1 503-264-9077 EMail: yavatkar@ibeam.intel.com Don Hoffman Teledesic Corporation 2300 Carillon Point Kirkland, WA 98033 USA Phone: +1 425-602-0000 Yoram Bernet Microsoft 1 Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 USA Phone: +1 206 936 9568 EMail: yoramb@microsoft.com
Fred Baker Cisco Systems 519 Lado Drive Santa Barbara, California 93111 USA Phone: +1 408 526 4257 EMail: fred@cisco.com Michael Speer Sun Microsystems, Inc 901 San Antonio Road UMPK15-215 Palo Alto, CA 94303 Phone: +1 650-786-6368 EMail: speer@Eng.Sun.COM
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