Content for  TR 22.872  Word version:  16.1.0

An emergency service enables a user to contact a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) and requires the emergency services user/UE to have accurate positioning such that they may be located and offered aid by first responders. The level of positioning accuracy (and other KPIs) required is dependent upon local and regional regulatory requirements. This service offers the citizens within a jurisdiction to be located in the time of need and requires high accuracy UE positioning in all service areas, including those that could potentially be challenging for some positioning technologies (e.g. urban canyons, indoors).

Tom experiences or witnesses an emergency situation (e.g. fire, accident, medical emergency). Tom has a UE equipped with 5G communication module, as well as a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies. This includes, but not limited to, GNSS (e.g. BeiDou, Galileo, GLONASS, and GPS), Terrestrial Beacon Systems (TBS), sensors, WLAN, and Bluetooth-based positioning. The 5G communication system includes an interface to a PSAP to dispatch first responder(s).

1. Tom detects an emergency situation and dials/contacts the emergency number for his region. This may initiate a call, video or messaging service to a local PSAP.
2. The 5G system initiates a positioning function, without user intervention, with 3-dimentional position accuracy according to local regulatory requirements (including minimal e.g. latency and other KPIs).
3. Tom communicates his emergency situation with the PSAP.
4. The PSAP dispatches first responders to Tom's location, where the first responders are given a 3-Dimensional position and confidence for his location.
5. Tom completes his emergency communication with the PSAP.

The location information of the UE is available in the PSAP and the first responder.

N/A

The 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with three-dimensional position accuracy and associated KPI targets, determined by regulatory agencies (e.g. FCC), as follows:

• Accuracy [< 50m] horizontal ([80%]), [< 3 m] vertical ([80%])
• Latency and TTFF [< 30 seconds]
• Availability [> 95%]
• Environment of use: indoor and outdoor

The 5G System shall support the UE to provide the positioning methods used in calculating the position and the associated uncertainty/confidence of the position. The 5G System shall be able to request the UE to provide location information (e.g. measurements, position) with some periodicity as necessary. The 5G system shall be able to determine the reliability of the positioning information.

Accurately locating a first responder who is injured or incapacitated during mission critical operations has long been a goal of public safety. A mission critical service such as MCPTT enables a first responder to stay in contact with other first responders as well as dispatch and command/control. Mission Critical Organizations require mission critical services to have accurate positioning such that first responders may be located at all times during normal and critical operations. The level of positioning accuracy (and other KPIs) required is much more stringent than that required by local and regional regulatory requirements for commercial users. This location service offers first responders to be located in emergency situations and requires high accuracy UE positioning in all service areas, including those that could potentially be challenging for some positioning technologies (e.g. indoors).

The ESA One Fire Department is dispatched to a report of a building fire in an apartment complex. Three engines arrive to find thick smoke has risen into the building from a fire on a lower floor, requiring all floors of the apartment complex to be evacuated. Several residents are suffering from smoke inhalation and are in need of medical treatment The ESA One battalion chief establishes an Incident Command System and assigns incoming firefighters to separate operational groups, including "fire attack", "evacuation" and "medical operations". Each operational team uses a separate MCPTT group to coordinate their actions. There are also additional MCPTT groups to support communications between the group leaders and the incident commander. Each fire-fighter has a UE equipped with a 5G communication module, as well as a 5G positioning module. In addition, the UEs of the ESA One Fire Department are configured to initiate an Emergency Alert when a connected man-down accessory detects an abnormal condition.

1. Members of the fire attack and evacuation groups enter the building to fight the fire and coordinate the evacuation.
2. The Incident Command System displays the location of each fire-fighter within the building.
3. While searching for trapped residents, fire-fighter McJanky is overcome by heat and smoke, and collapses.
4. McJanky's man-down accessory attached to his MCPTT UE detects the abnormal condition (i.e. lack of movement, a horizontal tilt, or both) and notifies the MCPTT UE.
5. The MCPTT UE, in conjunction with the 5G system initiates a positioning function, without user intervention, with 3-dimensional position accuracy and other KPIs (e.g. minimal latency).
6. The MCPTT UE sends an Emergency Alert with man-down indication to the Incident Command System. The Emergency Alert contains his precise location within the building.
7. The Emergency Alert with precise location is also distributed to other members of his group.
8. The ESA One battalion chief sees the Alert and coordinates the rescue. Other fire-fighters are able to locate McJanky quickly and they take him out of the building to the emergency medical team. McJanky is revived and lives to tell the story.

The precise location information of each fire-fighter UE continues to be available in the Incident Command System.

Mission Critical Services such as MCPTT, MCVideo, and MCData and MCX UEs require access to the 5G positioning function.

For outdoor location the 5G System shall provide a positioning service with three-dimensional position accuracy and associated KPI targets required by mission critical organizations as follows:

• Accuracy < [1m] horizontal [95%], < [0.3] meters vertical [95%]
• Latency < [5] seconds
• TTFF < [10] seconds
• Availability > [98%]

For indoor location the 5G System shall provide a positioning service with three-dimensional position accuracy and associated KPI targets required by mission critical organizations as follows:

• Accuracy < [1m] horizontal [95%], < [2] meters vertical [95%]
• Latency < [1] seconds
• TTFF < [10] seconds
• Availability > [95%]

The 5G System shall enable an MCX UE to use the positioning service to calculate its position with the associated uncertainty/confidence of the position. The 5G System shall provide a mechanism to request an MCX UE to provide location information (e.g. measurements, position) with remotely adjustable periodicity. The 5G System shall provide a mechanism to request that an MCX UE provides an immediate location report. The 5G System shall provide a mechanism to request an MCX UE to provide an event-triggered location report. The 5G system shall be able to determine the reliability of the positioning information

In case of a medical emergency, all qualified individuals within close vicinity of the victim get alerted via their phones with a request to provide urgent care. The qualified individuals will often be layman volunteers (i.e. not medical professionals) with a training in first aid, such as applying CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) and using an AED (Automatic External Defibrillator) on a patient with SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest). For example, in the Netherlands, a layman responder network of 170,000 volunteers (~1% of the general population) has been equipped with an App to provide emergency care to provide timely response to SCA. In this case, every second counts and help should be provided within 6 minutes. The purpose of this use case is to improve the localization of the emergency responders closest to the victim, in order to safeguard the quickest availability of care. The main requirements are to have a robust solution that works both indoors and outdoors, that is scalable to large numbers of responders and that maximizes privacy of the (layman) responders (i.e. no continuous tracking).

Paul and Sonia are layman responders trained in CPR/AED. They are registered to the layman responder network and have installed the layman responder App on their respective phones. Their phones are equipped with a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies such as GNSS (e.g. Beidou, Galileo, GLONASS and GPS), terrestrial beacons (e.g. Bluetooth, RFID, TBS), dead-reckoning sensors, etc.

1. Joe, a 68 years old retired teacher is in reasonable health. One particular day, Joe visits the mall. While walking through the mall, he suddenly experiences chest pain and drops on the floor.
2. Mary, sees Joe dropping, kneels by him and notices he's unconscious. She immediately calls 911 and explains an elderly man grabbed his chest in pain, suddenly dropped on the floor and remains unconscious.
3. Andy, the 911 call center agent taking Mary's call, suspects SCA and initiates the layman responder network.
4. Mary's location - as determined by her phone (see use case 5.4.1 "Accurate positioning for emergency services") - is automatically forwarded to the layman responder network, which notices two qualified layman first responders in Mary's (Joe's) immediate vicinity, Paul and Sonia. Also, an ambulance from the nearby hospital is directed to the scene.
5. Paul, who's just one floor away from Joe gets an instant notification on his phone from the layman responder App, indicating that a possible cardiac arrest victim is in need of his help. He confirms his willingness to help, by clicking "Accept Call" in the App and is guided towards Joe by his phone.
6. Sonia, who's on the other side of the mall, but in close vicinity of an AED, also gets and instant notification on her phone and also she confirms. After this she is directed towards the nearest AED (see use case 5.4.3 "Emergency equipment location outside hospitals"). She then picks up the AED and heads for Joe.
7. Paul arrives first on the scene, notices that Joe has no pulse and starts administering CPR.
8. Sonia arrives a little bit later with the AED and together they apply the AED.
9. Joe's heart starts beating again and ten minutes later the ambulance arrives to take Joe to the hospital.

Joe lives, because the nearest by layman responders get notified instantly.

What's called for is a location-aware group messaging service, that is scalable to very large groups of responders nationwide and that avoids continuous tracking of individuals. This will require an interplay of various network features and elements, specifically also because the service needs to work across different operator networks. Also the division of functionality between the network and the application remains to be determined.

The 5G system (in conjunction with the layman responder network) shall be enabled to alert the group of [~ 10] potential responders with shortest travel time to the victim, scanned from a radius of [5 km] from the victim. This requires localization of each responder with a horizontal resolution of less than [50 m] and, indoors, a vertical resolution sufficiently accurate to determine the floor, so typically less than [3 m]. This localization accuracy needs to be achieved throughout the 5G positioning service area. The 5G system shall not perform continuous tracking of each layman responder to respect his/her privacy. The 5G system shall be scalable to address the positioning of at least [5%] of all subscribers being registered to the layman responder service. The 5G system shall work across boundaries of individual operator networks in the region.

Life-saving medical equipment, such as AED's, deployed throughout public and private spaces can be localized instantly in case of need, to be able to take the equipment within the minimum possible amount of time to an emergency scene. This use case is about knowing for sure where the equipment actually is, rather than where it is supposed to be, and making sure it does not get lost, i.e. it is about maintaining an up-to-date location database of all equipment deployed throughout a region or a nation. This use case is related to use case 5.4.2 "Alerting nearby emergency responders".

The equipment (AED) is connected to the 5G network for maintenance purposes (e.g. checking battery-level) and also provided with a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies such as GNSS (e.g. Beidou, Galileo, GLONASS and GPS) and terrestrial beacons (e.g. Bluetooth, RFID, TBS). The equipment uses the 5G positioning module to provide regular updates of its actual location to the AED positioning system (e.g. at least each time motion is detected an update should be provided). The AED positioning system maintains a location database of all AED's deployed throughout a region or a nation. The layman responder app/system (as mentioned in Section 5.4.2) has access to the AED positioning system. The equipment can be located either indoor or outdoor.

1. Sonia, a lady who is subscribed to the layman responder network, has received and accepted a call for help to resuscitate Joe, an elderly man experiencing Sudden Cardiac Arrest.
2. The layman responder network app (or system) interrogates the AED positioning system which maintains an up-to-date location database of AED's, and determines the closest AED on the way between Sonia's current location (as determined by her 5G phone) and the location of the victim in need for help and informs the layman responder App on Sonia's 5G phone of this location.
3. Sonia's 5G phone computes the quickest way to the AED.
4. Sonia follows the instructions on her 5G phone and picks up the AED.
5. After picking up the AED, the AED wakes up from its sleep mode, connect to the network. The AED positioning module is activated and position updates are provided the AED positioning system.
6. Sonia heads for Joe following instructions on here phone and applies the AED on Joe.
7. After usage, the AED positioning system receives several updates to the AED's position before it is put back on its original place.
8. Once put back, the AED enters sleep mode for an extended period of time, and wakes up only once per week/month to connect to the network.

Joe lives, because an accurate record can be maintained with the location of critical equipment (AED).

The 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with a horizontal accuracy less than [10 m] and, indoors, with a vertical accuracy sufficiently accurate to determine the floor, so typically less than [3 m]. This localization accuracy needs to be achieved throughout the 5G positioning service area. The 5G System shall allow UEs to sleep for extended periods of time (e.g. one week), without requiring the UE to update its position data. The 5G system shall allow UEs to trigger a different update rate of the position data based on whether the UE is moving or not.