Content for  TR 22.872  Word version:  16.1.0

In some hospitals like psychiatry or geriatrics, it is necessary to locate the patients in real time on the site of the hospitals (indoor and outdoor) and to notify the medical staff if the patients reach a non-authorised area in order to avoid runaway patients. Additionally, it is necessary to locate caregivers and medical equipment (e.g. crash cart), especially in emergency situations. It is necessary to take into account the environment of hospitals: some are made up of several buildings on several hectares with large green areas and others are buildings of several floors and basements.

The patient wears a device, e.g. a wrist-band which supports some mechanisms to obtain its location, as part of a 5G positioning module. The caregiver carries a mobile phone or tablet. The medical equipment has a built-in 5G positioning module. It is assumed that the 5G positioning module is linked to a communication module together forming a UE. The positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies. The positioning module and related communication module have to be able to operate with very low energy consumption, given that the device in which it is used (e.g. patient worn wrist band) may have very limited battery and form factor.

The UE enables the 3GPP system to determine its current location in a periodic or an event-triggered manner. The frequency of the location reporting may change according to the application requirements. The UE reports location information that may include its applicable Equipment Identity. At any time, upon request, the UE shall be able to report its location information. External systems can provide additional information to the Hospital System in order to improve location accuracy of a UE. In case of periodic location reporting, the Hospital System supervises the continuous supply of the location information. The received location information is stored by Hospital System.

The location information of the person or medical equipment is available in the Hospital System.

The UE shall be able to provide its location to the Hospital System. The 5G System shall be able to request the UE to provide its location. The 5G System shall be able to request the UE to provide its location periodically. The 5G System shall be able to request the UE to stop providing its location periodically. The 5G System shall be able to handle additional location information from other external sources. The 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with a horizontal accuracy less than [3 m], a vertical accuracy less than [2 m] (i.e. floor accurate), an availability over [99%] and a latency lower than [1 minute]. The environment of use for the provision of the service shall be both indoor (including underground) and outdoor within the boundaries of the Hospital. The 5G System shall support positioning of UEs using very little energy consumption on the UE.

In some hospitals like psychiatry or geriatrics, it is necessary to locate the patients in real time to notify the medical staff if the patient reaches a non-authorised area in order to avoid runaway patients. When a patient manages to leave the hospital without authorisation, it is necessary to locate him (in a city and in rural area) in order to bring him back to the hospital. Additionally, ambulatory patients with a potentially critical condition (e.g. cardiac, diabetes, high-risk pregnancy), as well as frail elderly, need to be localized in case their condition gets critical (e.g. elderly falling).

The patient wears a device containing a 5G communication module, and a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies. The patient's wearable device should have a battery life of at least several days.

The 5G positioning module enables the 3GPP system to determine its current location in a periodic or an event-triggered manner. The frequency of the location reporting may change according to the application requirements. The 5G positioning module reports location information that may include its applicable Equipment Identity. At any time, upon request, the 5G positioning module shall be able to report its location information. External systems can provide additional information to the Hospital System in order to improve location accuracy of a 5G positioning module. In case of periodic location reporting, the Hospital System supervises the continuous supply of the location information. Hospital System stores the received location information.

The medical staff localizes the patient.

The 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with a horizontal accuracy less than [10] m both indoors and outdoors. Furthermore, for indoors, the 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with a vertical accuracy sufficiently accurate to determine the floor, so typically less than [3] m. This localization accuracy needs to be achieved throughout the 5G positioning service area.

Factories use mobile trolleys and it is necessary to monitor their location and track the movement of these trolleys. It is necessary to take into account the environment of factories: buildings have several floors and may have deep basement, some factories are made up of several buildings distributed over several hectares (e.g. campus with large green areas, trees, etc.). In addition, factories may be spread over several sites in vicinity. In addition, exchanges of trolleys between factories are possible, and this includes exchanges between international locations: it shall therefore be ensured that the monitoring may be enabled in multiple locations, including in different countries.

The trolleys are equipped with 5G communication modules, smart lock as well as a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies.

The 5G system shall be able to determine the current location of the UE in a periodic or an event-triggered manner. The frequency of the location reporting may change according to the application requirements. The 5G communication module reports location information that may include its applicable Equipment Identity. At any time, upon request, the 5G communication modules shall be able to report its location information. External systems can provide additional information to the Factory System in order to improve location accuracy of 5G modules. In case of periodic location reporting, the Factory System supervises the continuous supply of the location information. The Factory System stores the received location information.

The location information for the connected trolley is always accessible in the Factory System.

The 5G system shall be able to provide positioning service with [50] cm horizontal position accuracy, [1-3] m vertical position accuracy, and less than [20] ms latency for the moving UE at the speed of [50] km/hour indoor, taking into account at least a service area from [1 000 to 100 000] m². The 5G system shall be able to provide positioning service in case of roaming.

Cities and urban population are expending and growing generating more and more waste to be managed and collected. Traditionally, waste collection was organized on fixed schedules through a given route, whether containers were full, partially full or even empty. In order to reduce costs as well as to reduce drastically the impacts on the environment, municipalities are required to have smarter waste collection and management which is more efficient and optimize in particular the collection route. Residential bins are including sensors that can signal when they need to be emptied. The routes taken by waste collection vehicles can then be optimised accordingly. The connected bins can be configured to only send a message when they are full or to send updates once a day or even on a more regular basis (typically every 2 hours which could be configurable to 3h, 6h...). This allows for the reduction in number of vehicles needed for waste collection and thereby curbs greenhouse gas emissions. The sensors can also detect fires in the bins and send an alarm accordingly. Trucks and vehicles in charge of the waste collection are equipped with positioning technology and can be send based on dedicated route to collect only the bins that have to be collected. In particular cases, some of these vehicles equipped to handle particular waste can be easily diverted to address urgent needs. Furthermore, there are more and more waste containers not only for residential use but as well for use for retail stores, restaurants, hotels, etc. and other uses such as construction or building sites. For this particular case, very often these containers are not on a regular position and are moved to new site as soon as they are not needed anymore in their previous site. Companies that are managing many waste containers need then to know where are their containers to be able to re-allocate them when their use for a particular need is done.

The waste bins and containers are equipped with a UE including a 5G communication module, as well as a 5G positioning module. This location equipment supports some mechanisms to allow the 5G System to determine the bin's (or container's) position either on demand or on a regular basis. The waste collection vehicles are equipped with on-board unit including a 5G communication module, as well as a 5G positioning module. The two aforementioned positioning modules can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies such as GNSS (e.g. BeiDou, Galileo, GLONASS, and GPS), Terrestrial Beacon Systems (TBS), sensors, WLAN, and Bluetooth-based positioning. The 5G system is interfaced to an application server (e.g. Waste Management and Collection System).

The waste collection teams prepare their work plan. For that, they download information from the Waste Management and Collection System, these includes information relating to the waste bins and containers under their responsibility and supposed to be located in their area of work: filling percentage, most recent use (e.g. bin opening and evolution of filling following opening), position (or most recent positions log) The Waste Management and Collection System determines whether the bins needs to be collected (it is full, it is expected to be full within the week, it is not full, but is rarely filled, therefore content may degrade and generate inconvenience to the neighbourhood: bad smell, animals trying to get bins content, etc.). It also identifies a few container with waste requiring some specific handling as per regulation. The Waste Management and Collection System checks the identification and location of the container to verify if these are in line with regulation, and to check if owner is indeed complying with regulation. If a bin or container is identified in the wrong place, the Waste Management and Collection System reports the incident, and notifies its owner to dissuade him from using the bin beyond its purpose. The Waste Management and Collection System may consider charging more the owner. Knowing the bins and container to be collected, as well as the estimation of waste, the Waste Management and Collection System can determine the optimal work plan for the collect: number of vehicles involved, their trajectory, as well as their size and type tailored to the quantity and type of waste to be collected. With the plan established, the team start the collect. They follow the scheduled work plan and route, guided in this thanks to the trucks position which is also determined by the 5G System During the collect, a container equipped to report its status with low latency reports to the System it needs to be emptied. As its location is nearby the route of one of the collect vehicles, the Waste Management and Collection System updates the work plan, informs the vehicle and team (through the on-board unit) of the update. The team reroutes itself in due time to consider the new container to be collected.

The bin or waste containers are collected only when relevant. The collection vehicles collect only the relevant bins or containers, and are guided towards these by the Waste Management and Collection System with an optimised route. The waste collection process is more efficient and this benefits to all stakeholders.

The 5G System shall be able to determine the position of the UEs (bin, waste container) as well as the on-board units (waste collection vehicles) and report these positions to an application server (e.g. Waste Management and Collection system). The 5G System shall be able to request the UE (bin/waste container) to provide its location. The 5G System shall be able to request the UE (bin/waste container) to provide its location periodically with an update rate ranging from one location every [2 hours] to one location every [several days]. The 5G System shall be able to provide positioning service with a horizontal accuracy less than 3m, a vertical accuracy less than 2m, an availability over [99%] and a latency lower than 1 minute. The environment of use for the provision of the service shall be both outdoor (main use) and indoor (including underground parking…). The 5G system shall be able to fulfil the requirement of the positioning service without affecting the UE's battery overall lifetime by more than [5] % (e.g. 9 months out of a total of 15 years' lifetime).

Products are transported mainly in containers and autonomous container management is becoming more and more frequent. Containers are stored in varied places as ships, docks or factories. In order to take up as little space as possible, they are stacked on several level and/or floors. In addition to the possibility of locating them, it is very useful to have information the location on the container of the reference point used for their location, to determine the attitude or bearing of bearing of the container as well as to acces information on their size (width, height, depth among the possible standards). This then helps their autonomous handling and also allows a better spatial representation of the 3D arrangement of containers on a storage site. The containers doors must be well oriented in any case and this orientation must be known by the handling system. In addition, containers are often handled in challenging environments for positioning technologies (For example, the high density of containers in harbour or on board ships, the way they are stacked, etc. create many obstructions for radio waves used by most positioning technologies). It is therefore relevant to consider the use of multiple sensors, sometime of different positioning technologies, to allow the system to enhance positioning performances like accuracy, availability even in complex situation. A minimum of two sensors is needed in order to identify the direction of the container. Two or more sensors enable measurement diversity which can in turn improve availability and reliability of the measurements when the containers are located in harsh conditions for wireless systems (e.g. when they are stacked).

The containers are equipped with 5G communication modules, smart lock as well as a 5G positioning module. This positioning module can use a combination of 3GPP technologies and non-3GPP technologies, involving multiple sensors. For different reason, including accommodation of physical constraints, protection against shock, and others, these sensors are distributed in different places on the containers. A minimum of two sensors is needed to determine the position and the heading of the container. The 5G System knows the position of the different sensors placed on a container involved in the determination of both the position and the heading. The Factory System knows the relative position of the sensors involved in the determination of both the position and the heading. The Factory System knows the dimension of the container.

Container C reaches an intermodal node by rail and needs to be stored for a while before being transborded on a cargo ship. This handling involves some automatic operation managed by the Factory System, using among other inputs, the position and the heading of the container. Multiple positioning sensors distributed on container C are activated and enable the 5G System to collect the associated position-related data. The 5G system combines these information to determine the position and the orientation of the container C. The 5G system can also combine data from different sensors and technologies in order to enhance the overall performances of the positioning service (accuracy, availability in harsh environments, reliability, etc.). The 5G system provides all information concerning the container C (positioning sensors and their reference) to the Factory System. The Factory System, according information stored in its database (size, relative position of the different sensors on the container) can determine the exact 3D position to manage the container C's handling operations.

Thanks to the high-quality position and heading data provided by the 5G System, the Factory System was able to handle the container from the wagon to its storing location, on top of three other containers, with minimal shocks and risk of hazards. The information provided by the 5G System relating to the different sensors placed on the container allows the Factory System to mane them and to determine the exact 3D position of the container.

The 5G Sytem shall be able to determine relative positioning of one UE versus another UE, in order to determine the heading of an object carrying the UEs. The 5G system can combine data from different technologies in order to enhance the overall performances of the positioning service (accuracy, availability in complex environments, reliability, etc.). The 5G System shall be able to provide the relative positioning of UEs to an application server. The 5G system shall be able to provide this complementary information in case of roaming.