RFC 6955
Diffie-Hellman Proof-of-Possession Algorithms
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Schaad Request for Comments: 6955 Soaring Hawk Consulting Obsoletes: 2875 H. Prafullchandra Category: Standards Track HyTrust, Inc. ISSN: 2070-1721 May 2013 Diffie-Hellman Proof-of-Possession AlgorithmsAbstract
This document describes two methods for producing an integrity check value from a Diffie-Hellman key pair and one method for producing an integrity check value from an Elliptic Curve key pair. This behavior is needed for such operations as creating the signature of a Public- Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #10 Certification Request. These algorithms are designed to provide a Proof-of-Possession of the private key and not to be a general purpose signing algorithm. This document obsoletes RFC 2875. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6955.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Changes since RFC 2875 .....................................4 1.2. Requirements Terminology ...................................5 2. Terminology .....................................................5 3. Notation ........................................................5 4. Static DH Proof-of-Possession Process ...........................6 4.1. ASN.1 Encoding .............................................8 5. Discrete Logarithm Signature ...................................11 5.1. Expanding the Digest Value ................................11 5.2. Signature Computation Algorithm ...........................12 5.3. Signature Verification Algorithm ..........................13 5.4. ASN.1 Encoding ............................................14 6. Static ECDH Proof-of-Possession Process ........................16 6.1. ASN.1 Encoding ............................................18 7. Security Considerations ........................................20 8. References .....................................................21 8.1. Normative References ......................................21 8.2. Informative References ....................................21 Appendix A. ASN.1 Modules .........................................23 A.1. 2008 ASN.1 Module ..........................................23 A.2. 1988 ASN.1 Module ..........................................28 Appendix B. Example of Static DH Proof-of-Possession ..............30 Appendix C. Example of Discrete Log Signature .....................381. Introduction
Among the responsibilities of a Certification Authority (CA) in issuing certificates is a requirement that it verifies the identity for the entity to which it is issuing a certificate and that the private key for the public key to be placed in the certificate is in the possession of that entity. The process of validating that the private key is held by the requester of the certificate is called Proof-of-Possession (POP). Further details on why POP is important can be found in Appendix C of RFC 4211 [CRMF]. This document is designed to deal with the problem of how to support POP for encryption-only keys. PKCS #10 [RFC2986] and the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF) [CRMF] both define syntaxes for Certification Requests. However, while CRMF supports an alternative method to support POP for encryption-only keys, PKCS #10 does not. PKCS #10 assumes that the public key being requested for certification corresponds to an algorithm that is capable of producing a POP by a signature operation. Diffie-Hellman (DH) and Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) are key agreement algorithms and, as such, cannot be directly used for signing or encryption.
This document describes a set of three POP algorithms. Two methods use the key agreement process (one for DH and one for ECDH) to provide a shared secret as the basis of an integrity check value. For these methods, the value is constructed for a specific recipient/ verifier by using a public key of that verifier. The third method uses a modified signature algorithm (for DH). This method allows for arbitrary verifiers. It should be noted that we did not create an algorithm that parallels the Elliptical Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) as was done for the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). When using ECDH, the common practice is to use one of a set of predefined curves; each of these curves has been designed to be paired with one of the commonly used hash algorithms. This differs in practice from the DH case where the common practice is to generate a set of group parameters, either on a single machine or for a given community, that are aligned to encryption algorithms rather than hash algorithms. The implication is that, if a key has the ability to perform the modified DSA algorithm for ECDSA, it should be able to use the correct hash algorithm and perform the regular ECDSA signature algorithm with the correctly sized hash.1.1. Changes since RFC 2875
The following changes have been made: o The Static DH POP algorithm has been rewritten for parameterization of the hash algorithm and the Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithm. o New instances of the Static DH POP algorithm have been created using the Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) paired with the SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 hash algorithms. However, the current SHA-1 algorithm remains identical. o The Discrete Logarithm Signature algorithm has been rewritten for parameterization of the hash algorithm. o New instances of the Discrete Logarithm Signature have been created for the SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 hash functions. However, the current SHA-1 algorithm remains identical. o A new Static ECDH POP algorithm has been added. o New instances of the Static ECDH POP algorithm have been created using HMAC paired with the SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 hash functions.
1.2. Requirements Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. When the words are in lower case they have their natural language meaning.2. Terminology
The following definitions will be used in this document: DH certificate = a certificate whose SubjectPublicKey is a DH public value and is signed with any signature algorithm (e.g., RSA or DSA). ECDH certificate = a certificate whose SubjectPublicKey is an ECDH public value and is signed with any signature algorithm (e.g., RSA or ECDSA). Proof-of-Possession (POP) = a means that provides a method for a second party to perform an algorithm to establish with some degree of assurance that the first party does possess and has the ability to use a private key. The reasoning behind doing POP can be found in Appendix C in [CRMF].3. Notation
This section describes mathematical notations, conventions, and symbols used throughout this document. a | b : Concatenation of a and b a ^ b : a raised to the power of b a mod b : a modulo b a / b : a divided by b using integer division a * b : a times b Depending on context, multiplication may be within an EC or normal multiplication KDF(a) : Key Derivation Function producing a value from a MAC(a, b) : Message Authentication Code function where a is the key and b is the text LEFTMOST(a, b) : Return the b left most bits of a FLOOR(a) : Return n where n is the largest integer such that n <= a
Details on how to implement the HMAC version of a MAC function used in this document can be found in RFC 2104 [RFC2104], RFC 6234 [RFC6234], and RFC 4231 [RFC4231].4. Static DH Proof-of-Possession Process
The Static DH POP algorithm is set up to use a Key Derivation Function (KDF) and a MAC. This algorithm requires that a common set of group parameters be used by both the creator and verifier of the POP value. The steps for creating a DH POP are: 1. An entity (E) chooses the group parameters for a DH key agreement. This is done simply by selecting the group parameters from a certificate for the recipient of the POP process. A certificate with the correct group parameters has to be available. Let the common DH parameters be g and p; and let the DH key pair from the certificate be known as the recipient (R) key pair (Rpub and Rpriv). Rpub = g^x mod p (where x=Rpriv, the private DH value) 2. The entity generates a DH public/private key pair using the group parameters from step 1. For an entity (E): Epriv = DH private value = y Epub = DH public value = g^y mod p
3. The POP computation process will then consist of the following
steps:
(a) The value to be signed (text) is obtained. (For a PKCS #10
object, the value is the DER-encoded
certificationRequestInfo field represented as an octet
string.)
(b) A shared DH secret is computed as follows:
shared secret = ZZ = g^(x*y) mod p
[This is done by E as Rpub^y and by the recipient as Epub^x,
where Rpub is retrieved from the recipient's DH certificate
(or is provided in the protocol) and Epub is retrieved from
the Certification Request.]
(c) A temporary key K is derived from the shared secret ZZ as
follows:
K = KDF(LeadingInfo | ZZ | TrailingInfo)
LeadingInfo ::= Subject Distinguished Name from
recipient's certificate
TrailingInfo ::= Issuer Distinguished Name from
recipient's certificate
(d) Using the defined MAC function, compute MAC(K, text).
The POP verification process requires the recipient to carry out
steps (a) through (d) and then simply compare the result of step (d)
with what it received as the signature component. If they match,
then the following can be concluded:
(a) The entity possesses the private key corresponding to the public
key in the Certification Request because it needs the private
key to calculate the shared secret; and
(b) Only the recipient that the entity sent the request to could
actually verify the request because it would require its own
private key to compute the same shared secret. In the case
where the recipient is a CA, this protects the entity from
rogue CAs.
4.1. ASN.1 Encoding
The algorithm outlined above allows for the use of an arbitrary hash function in computing the temporary key and the MAC algorithm. In this specification, we define object identifiers for the SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 hash values and use HMAC for the MAC algorithm. The ASN.1 structures associated with the Static DH POP algorithm are: DhSigStatic ::= SEQUENCE { issuerAndSerial IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL, hashValue MessageDigest } sa-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 VALUE DhSigStatic PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } } id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 3 } id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1 sa-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 VALUE DhSigStatic PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } } id-alg-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 15 } sa-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 VALUE DhSigStatic PARAMS ARE absent PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } }
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 16
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 17
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 18
}
In the above ASN.1, the following items are defined:
DhSigStatic
This ASN.1 type structure holds the information describing the
signature. The structure has the following fields:
issuerAndSerial
This field contains the issuer name and serial number of the
certificate from which the public key was obtained. The
issuerAndSerial field is omitted if the public key did not come
from a certificate.
hashValue
This field contains the result of the MAC operation in
step 3(d) (Section 4).
sa-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing a signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1
This OID identifies the Static DH POP algorithm that uses SHA-1 as
the KDF and HMAC-SHA1 as the MAC function. The new OID was
created for naming consistency with the other OIDs defined here.
The value of the OID is the same value as id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1,
which was defined in the previous version of this document
[RFC2875].
sa-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
This OID identifies the Static DH POP algorithm that uses SHA-224
as the KDF and HMAC-SHA224 as the MAC function.
sa-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
This OID identifies the Static DH POP algorithm that uses SHA-256
as the KDF and HMAC-SHA256 as the MAC function.
sa-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
This OID identifies the Static DH POP algorithm that uses SHA-384
as the KDF and HMAC-SHA384 as the MAC function.
sa-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
This OID identifies the Static DH POP algorithm that uses SHA-512
as the KDF and HMAC-SHA512 as the MAC function.
5. Discrete Logarithm Signature
When a single set of parameters is used for a large group of keys, the chance that a collision will occur in the set of keys, either by accident or design, increases as the number of keys used increases. A large number of keys from a single parameter set also encourages the use of brute force methods of attack, as the entire set of keys in the parameters can be attacked in a single operation rather than having to attack each key parameter set individually. For this reason, we need to create a POP for DH keys that does not require the use of a common set of parameters. This POP algorithm is based on DSA, but we have removed the restrictions dealing with the hash and key sizes imposed by the [FIPS-186-3] standard. The use of this method does impose some additional restrictions on the set of keys that may be used; however, if the key-generation algorithm documented in [RFC2631] is used, the required restrictions are met. The additional restrictions are the requirement for the existence of a q parameter. Adding the q parameter is generally accepted as a good practice, as it allows for checking of small subgroup attacks. The following definitions are used in the rest of this section: p is a large prime g = h^((p-1)/q) mod p, where h is any integer 1 < h < p-1 such that h^((p-1)/q) mod p > 1 (g has order q mod p) q is a large prime j is a large integer such that p = q*j + 1 x is a randomly or pseudo-randomly generated integer with 1 < x < q y = g^x mod p HASH is a hash function such that b = the output size of HASH in bits Note: These definitions match the ones in [RFC2631].5.1. Expanding the Digest Value
Besides the addition of a q parameter, [FIPS-186-3] also imposes size restrictions on the parameters. The length of q must be 160 bits (matching the output length of the SHA-1 digest algorithm), and the length of p must be 1024 bits. The size restriction on p is eliminated in this document, but the size restriction on q is replaced with the requirement that q must be at least b bits in length. (If the hash function is SHA-1, then b=160 bits and the size restriction on b is identical with that in [FIPS-186-3].) Given that
there is not a random length-hashing algorithm, a hash value of the
message will need to be derived such that the hash is in the range
from 0 to q-1. If the length of q is greater than b, then a method
must be provided to expand the hash.
The method for expanding the digest value used in this section does
not provide any additional security beyond the b bits provided by the
hash algorithm. For this reason, the hash algorithm should be the
largest size possible to match q. The value being signed is
increased mainly to enhance the difficulty of reversing the signature
process.
This algorithm produces m, the value to be signed.
Let L = the size of q (i.e., 2^L <= q < 2^(L+1)).
Let M be the original message to be signed.
Let b be the length of HASH output.
1. Compute d = HASH(M), the digest of the original message.
2. If L == b, then m = d.
3. If L > b, then follow steps (a) through (d) below.
(a) Set n = FLOOR(L / b)
(b) Set m = d, the initial computed digest value
(c) For i = 0 to n - 1
m = m | HASH(m)
(d) m = LEFTMOST(m, L-1)
Thus, the final result of the process meets the criteria that
0 <= m < q.
5.2. Signature Computation Algorithm
The signature algorithm produces the pair of values (r, s), which is
the signature. The signature is computed as follows:
Given m, the value to be signed, as well as the parameters defined
earlier in Section 5:
1. Generate a random or pseudo-random integer k, such that
0 < k-1 < q.
2. Compute r = (g^k mod p) mod q.
3. If r is zero, repeat from step 1. 4. Compute s = ((k^-1) * (m + x*r)) mod q. 5. If s is zero, repeat from step 1.5.3. Signature Verification Algorithm
The signature verification process is far more complicated than is normal for DSA, as some assumptions about the validity of parameters cannot be taken for granted. Given a value m to be validated, the signature value pair (r, s) and the parameters for the key: 1. Perform a strong verification that p is a prime number. 2. Perform a strong verification that q is a prime number. 3. Verify that q is a factor of p-1; if any of the above checks fail, then the signature cannot be verified and must be considered a failure. 4. Verify that r and s are in the range [1, q-1]. 5. Compute w = (s^-1) mod q. 6. Compute u1 = m*w mod q. 7. Compute u2 = r*w mod q. 8. Compute v = ((g^u1 * y^u2) mod p) mod q. 9. Compare v and r; if they are the same, then the signature verified correctly.
5.4. ASN.1 Encoding
The signature algorithm is parameterized by the hash algorithm. The ASN.1 structures associated with the Discrete Logarithm Signature algorithm are: sa-dhPop-SHA1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-dh-pop VALUE DSA-Sig-Value PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent HASHES { mda-sha1 } PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } } id-alg-dhPop-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= id-alg-dh-pop id-alg-dh-pop OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 4 } sa-dhPop-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha224 VALUE DSA-Sig-Value PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent HASHES { mda-sha224 } PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } } id-alg-dhPop-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 5 } sa-dhPop-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= { IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha256 VALUE DSA-Sig-Value PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent HASHES { mda-sha256 } PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh } } id-alg-dhPop-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 6 }
sa-dhPop-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha384
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha384 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 7
}
sa-dhPop-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha512
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha512 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 8
}
In the above ASN.1, the following items are defined:
sa-dhPop-sha1
A SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DSA-Sig-Value represents the signature value, and the structure
DomainParameters SHOULD be omitted in the signature but MUST be
present in the associated key request.
id-alg-dhPop-sha1
This OID identifies the Discrete Logarithm Signature using SHA-1
as the hash algorithm. The new OID was created for naming
consistency with the others defined here. The value of the OID is
the same as id-alg-dh-pop, which was defined in the previous
version of this document [RFC2875].
sa-dhPop-sha224
A SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DSA-Sig-Value represents the signature value, and the structure
DomainParameters SHOULD be omitted in the signature but MUST be
present in the associated key request.
id-alg-dhPop-sha224
This OID identifies the Discrete Logarithm Signature using SHA-224
as the hash algorithm.
sa-dhPop-sha256
A SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DSA-Sig-Value represents the signature value, and the structure
DomainParameters SHOULD be omitted in the signature but MUST be
present in the associated key request.
id-alg-dhPop-sha256
This OID identifies the Discrete Logarithm Signature using SHA-256
as the hash algorithm.
sa-dhPop-sha384
A SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DSA-Sig-Value represents the signature value, and the structure
DomainParameters SHOULD be omitted in the signature but MUST be
present in the associated key request.
id-alg-dhPop-sha384
This OID identifies the Discrete Logarithm Signature using SHA-384
as the hash algorithm.
sa-dhPop-sha512
A SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DSA-Sig-Value represents the signature value, and the structure
DomainParameters SHOULD be omitted in the signature but MUST be
present in the associated key request.
id-alg-dhPop-sha512
This OID identifies the Discrete Logarithm Signature using SHA-512
as the hash algorithm.
6. Static ECDH Proof-of-Possession Process
The Static ECDH POP algorithm is set up to use a KDF and a MAC. This
algorithm requires that a common set of group parameters be used by
both the creator and the verifier of the POP value. Full details of
how Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) works can be found in RFC 6090
[RFC6090].
The steps for creating an ECDH POP are:
1. An entity (E) chooses the group parameters for an ECDH key
agreement.
This is done simply by selecting the group parameters from a
certificate for the recipient of the POP process. A certificate
with the correct group parameters has to be available.
The ECDH parameters can be identified either by a named group or
by a set of curve parameters. Section 2.3.5 of RFC 3279
[RFC3279] documents how the parameters are encoded for PKIX
certificates. For PKIX-based applications, the parameters will
almost always be defined by a named group. Designate G as the
group from the ECDH parameters. Let the ECDH key pair associated
with the certificate be known as the recipient key pair (Rpub
and Rpriv).
Rpub = Rpriv * G
2. The entity generates an ECDH public/private key pair using the
parameters from step 1.
For an entity (E):
Epriv = entity private value
Epub = ECDH public point = Epriv * G
3. The POP computation process will then consist of the following
steps:
(a) The value to be signed (text) is obtained. (For a PKCS #10
object, the value is the DER-encoded
certificationRequestInfo field represented as an octet
string.)
(b) A shared ECDH secret is computed as follows:
shared secret point (x, y) = Epriv * Rpub = Rpriv * Epub
shared secret value ZZ is the x coordinate of the computed
point
(c) A temporary key K is derived from the shared secret ZZ as
follows:
K = KDF(LeadingInfo | ZZ | TrailingInfo)
LeadingInfo ::= Subject Distinguished Name from certificate
TrailingInfo ::= Issuer Distinguished Name from certificate
(d) Compute MAC(K, text).
The POP verification process requires the recipient to carry out
steps (a) through (d) and then simply compare the result of step (d)
with what it received as the signature component. If they match,
then the following can be concluded:
(a) The entity possesses the private key corresponding to the public
key in the Certification Request because it needed the private
key to calculate the shared secret; and
(b) Only the recipient that the entity sent the request to could
actually verify the request because it would require its own
private key to compute the same shared secret. In the case
where the recipient is a CA, this protects the entity from
rogue CAs.
6.1. ASN.1 Encoding
The algorithm outlined above allows for the use of an arbitrary hash
function in computing the temporary key and the MAC value. In this
specification, we define object identifiers for the SHA-1, SHA-224,
SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 hash values. The ASN.1 structures
associated with the Static ECDH POP algorithm are:
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 25
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha224-hmac-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 26
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha256-hmac-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 27
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha384-hmac-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 28
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha512-hmac-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
These items reuse the DhSigStatic structure defined in Section 4.
When used with these algorithms, the value to be placed in the field
hashValue is that computed in step 3(d) (Section 6). In the above
ASN.1, the following items are defined:
sa-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
This OID identifies the Static ECDH POP algorithm that uses
SHA-224 as the KDF and HMAC-SHA224 as the MAC function.
sa-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
This OID identifies the Static ECDH POP algorithm that uses
SHA-256 as the KDF and HMAC-SHA256 as the MAC function.
sa-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
This OID identifies the Static ECDH POP algorithm that uses
SHA-384 as the KDF and HMAC-SHA384 as the MAC function.
sa-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
An ASN.1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM object that associates together the
information describing this signature algorithm. The structure
DhSigStatic represents the signature value, and the parameters
MUST be absent.
id-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
This OID identifies the Static ECDH POP algorithm that uses
SHA-512 as the KDF and HMAC-SHA512 as the MAC function.
7. Security Considerations
None of the algorithms defined in this document are meant for use in
general purpose situations. These algorithms are designed and
purposed solely for use in doing POP with PKCS #10 and CRMF
constructs.
In the Static DH POP and Static ECDH POP algorithms, an appropriate
value can be produced by either party. Thus, these algorithms only
provide integrity and not origination service. The Discrete
Logarithm Signature algorithm provides both integrity checking and
origination checking.
All the security in this system is provided by the secrecy of the
private keying material. If either sender or recipient private keys
are disclosed, all messages sent or received using those keys are
compromised. Similarly, the loss of a private key results in an
inability to read messages sent using that key.
Selection of parameters can be of paramount importance. In the selection of parameters, one must take into account the community/ group of entities that one wishes to be able to communicate with. In choosing a set of parameters, one must also be sure to avoid small groups. [FIPS-186-3] Appendixes A and B.2 contain information on the selection of parameters for DH. Section 10 of [RFC6090] contains information on the selection of parameters for ECC. The practices outlined in these documents will lead to better selection of parameters.8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2631] Rescorla, E., "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method", RFC 2631, June 1999. [RFC2986] Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986, November 2000. [RFC4231] Nystrom, M., "Identifiers and Test Vectors for HMAC- SHA-224, HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512", RFC 4231, December 2005. [RFC6234] Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, May 2011.8.2. Informative References
[CRMF] Schaad, J., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)", RFC 4211, September 2005. [FIPS-186-3] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186-3, June 2009, <http://www.nist.gov/>. [RFC2875] Prafullchandra, H. and J. Schaad, "Diffie-Hellman Proof-of-Possession Algorithms", RFC 2875, July 2000.
[RFC3279] Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002. [RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912, June 2010. [RFC6090] McGrew, D., Igoe, K., and M. Salter, "Fundamental Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, February 2011.
Appendix A. ASN.1 Modules
A.1. 2008 ASN.1 Module
This appendix contains an ASN.1 module that is conformant with the 2008 version of ASN.1. This module references the object classes defined by [RFC5912] to more completely describe all of the associations between the elements defined in this document. Where a difference exists between the module in this section and the 1988 module, the 2008 module is the definitive module. DH-Sign { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-dhSign-2012-08(80) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL -- The types and values defined in this module are exported for use -- in the other ASN.1 modules. Other applications may use them -- for their own purposes. IMPORTS SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) } IssuerAndSerialNumber, MessageDigest FROM CryptographicMessageSyntax-2010 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-2009(58) } DSA-Sig-Value, DomainParameters, ECDSA-Sig-Value, mda-sha1, mda-sha224, mda-sha256, mda-sha384, mda-sha512, pk-dh, pk-ec FROM PKIXAlgs-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-algorithms2008-02(56) } id-pkix FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51) };
DhSigStatic ::= SEQUENCE {
issuerAndSerial IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL,
hashValue MessageDigest
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 3
}
id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1
sa-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 15
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 16
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 17
}
sa-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 18
}
sa-dhPop-SHA1 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dh-pop
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha1 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= id-alg-dh-pop
id-alg-dh-pop OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 4 }
sa-dhPop-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha224
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha224 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 5
}
sa-dhPop-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha256
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha256 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 6
}
sa-dhPop-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha384
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha384 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 7
}
sa-dhPop-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-dhPop-sha512
VALUE DSA-Sig-Value
PARAMS TYPE DomainParameters ARE preferredAbsent
HASHES { mda-sha512 }
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-dh }
}
id-alg-dhPop-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 8
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 25
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha224-hmac-sha224 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 26
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha256-hmac-sha256 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 27
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha384-hmac-sha384 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 28
}
sa-ecdhPop-sha512-hmac-sha512 SIGNATURE-ALGORITHM ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512
VALUE DhSigStatic
PARAMS ARE absent
PUBLIC-KEYS { pk-ec }
}
END
A.2. 1988 ASN.1 Module
This appendix contains an ASN.1 module that is conformant with the 1988 version of ASN.1, which represents an informational version of the ASN.1 module for this document. Where a difference exists between the module in this section and the 2008 module, the 2008 module is the definitive module. DH-Sign { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-dhSign-2012-88(79) } DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN -- EXPORTS ALL -- The types and values defined in this module are exported for use -- in the other ASN.1 modules. Other applications may use them -- for their own purposes. IMPORTS IssuerAndSerialNumber, MessageDigest FROM CryptographicMessageSyntax2004 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) cms-2004(24) } id-pkix FROM PKIX1Explicit88 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-pkix1-explicit(18) } Dss-Sig-Value, DomainParameters FROM PKIX1Algorithms88 { iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-algorithms(17) }; id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {id-pkix id-alg(6) 3} DhSigStatic ::= SEQUENCE { issuerAndSerial IssuerAndSerialNumber OPTIONAL, hashValue MessageDigest } id-alg-dh-pop OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix id-alg(6) 4 }
id-dhPop-static-sha1-hmac-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
id-dh-sig-hmac-sha1
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 15 }
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 16 }
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 17 }
id-alg-dhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 18 }
id-alg-dhPop-sha1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= id-alg-dh-pop
id-alg-dhPop-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 5 }
id-alg-dhPop-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 6 }
id-alg-dhPop-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 7 }
id-alg-dhPop-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 8 }
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha224-hmac-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 25 }
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha256-hmac-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 26 }
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha384-hmac-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 27 }
id-alg-ecdhPop-static-sha512-hmac-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
id-pkix id-alg(6) 28 }
END
Appendix B. Example of Static DH Proof-of-Possession
The following example follows the steps described earlier in Section 4. Step 1. Establishing common DH parameters: Assume the parameters are as in the DER-encoded certificate. The certificate contains a DH public key signed by a CA with a DSA signing key. 0 30 939: SEQUENCE { 4 30 872: SEQUENCE { 8 A0 3: [0] { 10 02 1: INTEGER 2 : } 13 02 6: INTEGER : 00 DA 39 B6 E2 CB 21 30 11: SEQUENCE { 23 06 7: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dsaWithSha1 (1 2 840 10040 4 3) 32 05 0: NULL : } 34 30 72: SEQUENCE { 36 31 11: SET { 38 30 9: SEQUENCE { 40 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6) 45 13 2: PrintableString 'US' : } : } 49 31 17: SET { 51 30 15: SEQUENCE { 53 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10) 58 13 8: PrintableString 'XETI Inc' : } : } 68 31 16: SET { 70 30 14: SEQUENCE { 72 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4 11) 77 13 7: PrintableString 'Testing' : } : } 86 31 20: SET { 88 30 18: SEQUENCE { 90 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3) 95 13 11: PrintableString 'Root DSA CA' : } : } : }
108 30 30: SEQUENCE {
110 17 13: UTCTime '990914010557Z'
125 17 13: UTCTime '991113010557Z'
: }
140 30 70: SEQUENCE {
142 31 11: SET {
144 30 9: SEQUENCE {
146 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
151 13 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
155 31 17: SET {
157 30 15: SEQUENCE {
159 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
164 13 8: PrintableString 'XETI Inc'
: }
: }
174 31 16: SET {
176 30 14: SEQUENCE {
178 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4
11)
183 13 7: PrintableString 'Testing'
: }
: }
192 31 18: SET {
194 30 16: SEQUENCE {
196 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
201 13 9: PrintableString 'DH TestCA'
: }
: }
: }
212 30 577: SEQUENCE {
216 30 438: SEQUENCE {
220 06 7: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicKey (1 2 840 10046 2 1)
229 30 425: SEQUENCE {
233 02 129: INTEGER
: 00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
: C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
: F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
: 51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
: 5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
: 8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
: 32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
: D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
: 27
365 02 128: INTEGER
: 26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
: 06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
: 64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
: 86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
: 4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
: 47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
: 39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
: 95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
496 02 33: INTEGER
: 00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
: B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
: FB
531 02 97: INTEGER
: 00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7
: B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
: AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
: 40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76
: B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
: 68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
: 92
630 30 26: SEQUENCE {
632 03 21: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
: 09 E4 98 34
655 02 1: INTEGER 55
: }
: }
: }
658 03 132: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 02 81 80 5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1
: E6 A7 01 4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0
: 46 79 50 A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69
: B7 11 A1 C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22
: 4D 0A 11 6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF
: D8 59 92 C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21
: E1 AF 7A 3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31
: 4D F2 C6 ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0
: 8F C5 1A
: }
793 A3 85: [3] {
795 30 83: SEQUENCE {
797 30 29: SEQUENCE {
799 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER subjectKeyIdentifier (2 5 29 14)
804 04 22: OCTET STRING
: 04 14 80 DF 59 88 BF EB 17 E1 AD 5E C6 40 A3 42
: E5 AC D3 B4 88 78
: }
828 30 34: SEQUENCE {
830 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER authorityKeyIdentifier (2 5 29
35)
835 01 1: BOOLEAN TRUE
838 04 24: OCTET STRING
: 30 16 80 14 6A 23 37 55 B9 FD 81 EA E8 4E D3 C9
: B7 09 E5 7B 06 E3 68 AA
: }
864 30 14: SEQUENCE {
866 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER keyUsage (2 5 29 15)
871 01 1: BOOLEAN TRUE
874 04 4: OCTET STRING
: 03 02 03 08
: }
: }
: }
: }
880 30 11: SEQUENCE {
882 06 7: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dsaWithSha1 (1 2 840 10040 4 3)
891 05 0: NULL
: }
893 03 48: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 30 2D 02 14 7C 6D D2 CA 1E 32 D1 30 2E 29 66 BC
: 06 8B 60 C7 61 16 3B CA 02 15 00 8A 18 DD C1 83
: 58 29 A2 8A 67 64 03 92 AB 02 CE 00 B5 94 6A
: }
Step 2. End entity/user generates a DH key pair using the parameters
from the CA certificate.
End entity DH public key:
Y: 13 63 A1 85 04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8 93 74 AE
FD AE 9E 96 27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18 FE 94 B8
A8 79 48 BD 2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC 33 FD 1A
0B 2D 9E 50 C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A BE B2 5C
DA B2 9F 78 2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E 0B 59 4A
93 4B F8 B3 EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8 29 98 EC
D1 B0 CA 2B 6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E 7E AF 33
62 09 9E 0F 11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53 EF B2 E8
End entity DH private key:
X: 32 CC BD B4 B7 7C 44 26 BB 3C 83 42 6E 7D 1B 00
86 35 09 71 07 A0 A4 76 B8 DB 5F EC 00 CE 6F C3
Step 3. Compute the shared secret ZZ.
56 b6 01 39 42 8e 09 16 30 b0 31 4d 12 90 af 03
c7 92 65 c2 9c ba 88 bb 0a d5 94 02 ed 6f 54 cb
22 e5 94 b4 d6 60 72 bc f6 a5 2b 18 8d df 28 72
ac e0 41 dd 3b 03 2a 12 9e 5d bd 72 a0 1e fb 6b
ee c5 b2 16 59 ee 12 00 3b c8 e0 cb c5 08 8e 2d
40 5f 2d 37 62 8c 4f bb 49 76 69 3c 9e fc 2c f7
f9 50 c1 b9 f7 01 32 4c 96 b9 c3 56 c0 2c 1b 77
3f 2f 36 e8 22 c8 2e 07 76 d0 4f 7f aa d5 c0 59
Step 4. Compute K and the signature.
LeadingInfo: DER-encoded Subject/Requester Distinguished Name (DN),
as in the generated Certificate Signing Request
30 46 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31
11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45 54 49 20 49
6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13 07 54 65 73
74 69 6E 67 31 12 30 10 06 03 55 04 03 13 09 44
48 20 54 65 73 74 43 41
TrailingInfo: DER-encoded Issuer/recipient DN (from the certificate
described in step 1)
30 48 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 55 53 31
11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45 54 49 20 49
6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13 07 54 65 73
74 69 6E 67 31 14 30 12 06 03 55 04 03 13 0B 52
6F 6F 74 20 44 53 41 20 43 41
K:
B1 91 D7 DB 4F C5 EF EF AC 9A C5 44 5A 6D 42 28
DC 70 7B DA
TBS: the "text" for computing the SHA-1 HMAC.
30 82 02 98 02 01 00 30 4E 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55
04 06 13 02 55 53 31 11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13
08 58 45 54 49 20 49 6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55
04 0B 13 07 54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 31 1A 30 18 06
03 55 04 03 13 11 50 4B 49 58 20 45 78 61 6D 70
6C 65 20 55 73 65 72 30 82 02 41 30 82 01 B6 06
07 2A 86 48 CE 3E 02 01 30 82 01 A9 02 81 81 00
94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7 C5
A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82 F5
D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21 51
63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68 5B
79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72 8A
F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2 32
E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02 D7
B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85 27
02 81 80 26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87
53 3F 90 06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5
0C 53 D4 64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6
1B 7F 57 86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31
7A 48 B6 4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69
D9 9B DE 47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33
51 C8 F1 39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31
15 26 48 95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E
DA D1 CD 02 21 00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC
FD 3B 5D 78 94 B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA
71 4A FC 60 30 FB 02 61 00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4
4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7 B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE
97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F
0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39 40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F
86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76 B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68
FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56 68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C
5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2 92 30 1A 03 15 00 1C D5
3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB 09 E4
98 34 02 01 37 03 81 84 00 02 81 80 13 63 A1 85
04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8 93 74 AE FD AE 9E 96
27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18 FE 94 B8 A8 79 48 BD
2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC 33 FD 1A 0B 2D 9E 50
C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A BE B2 5C DA B2 9F 78
2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E 0B 59 4A 93 4B F8 B3
EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8 29 98 EC D1 B0 CA 2B
6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E 7E AF 33 62 09 9E 0F
11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53 EF B2 E8
Certification Request:
0 30 793: SEQUENCE {
4 30 664: SEQUENCE {
8 02 1: INTEGER 0
11 30 78: SEQUENCE {
13 31 11: SET {
15 30 9: SEQUENCE {
17 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER countryName (2 5 4 6)
22 13 2: PrintableString 'US'
: }
: }
26 31 17: SET {
28 30 15: SEQUENCE {
30 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationName (2 5 4 10)
35 13 8: PrintableString 'XETI Inc'
: }
: }
45 31 16: SET {
47 30 14: SEQUENCE {
49 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER organizationalUnitName (2 5 4
11)
54 13 7: PrintableString 'Testing'
: }
: }
63 31 26: SET {
65 30 24: SEQUENCE {
67 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
72 13 17: PrintableString 'PKIX Example User'
: }
: }
: }
91 30 577: SEQUENCE {
95 30 438: SEQUENCE {
99 06 7: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicKey (1 2 840 10046 2 1)
108 30 425: SEQUENCE {
112 02 129: INTEGER
: 00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
: C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
: F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
: 51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
: 5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
: 8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
: 32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
: D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
: 27
244 02 128: INTEGER
: 26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
: 06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
: 64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
: 86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
: 4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
: 47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
: 39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
: 95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
375 02 33: INTEGER
: 00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
: B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
: FB
410 02 97: INTEGER
: 00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7
: B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
: AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
: 40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76
: B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
: 68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
: 92
509 30 26: SEQUENCE {
511 03 21: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E
: DB 09 E4 98 34
534 02 1: INTEGER 55
: }
: }
: }
537 03 132: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 02 81 80 13 63 A1 85 04 8C 46 A8 88 EB F4 5E A8
: 93 74 AE FD AE 9E 96 27 12 65 C4 4C 07 06 3E 18
: FE 94 B8 A8 79 48 BD 2E 34 B6 47 CA 04 30 A1 EC
: 33 FD 1A 0B 2D 9E 50 C9 78 0F AE 6A EC B5 6B 6A
: BE B2 5C DA B2 9F 78 2C B9 77 E2 79 2B 25 BF 2E
: 0B 59 4A 93 4B F8 B3 EC 81 34 AE 97 47 52 E0 A8
: 29 98 EC D1 B0 CA 2B 6F 7A 8B DB 4E 8D A5 15 7E
: 7E AF 33 62 09 9E 0F 11 44 8C C1 8D A2 11 9E 53
: EF B2 E8
: }
: }
672 30 12: SEQUENCE {
674 06 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dh-sig-hmac-sha1 (1 3 6 1 5 5 7 6 3)
684 05 0: NULL
: }
686 03 109: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 30 6A 30 52 30 48 31 0B 30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13
: 02 55 53 31 11 30 0F 06 03 55 04 0A 13 08 58 45
: 54 49 20 49 6E 63 31 10 30 0E 06 03 55 04 0B 13
: 07 54 65 73 74 69 6E 67 31 14 30 12 06 03 55 04
: 03 13 0B 52 6F 6F 74 20 44 53 41 20 43 41 02 06
: 00 DA 39 B6 E2 CB 04 14 2D 05 77 FE 5E 8F 65 F5
: AF AD C9 5C 9B 02 C0 A8 88 29 61 63
: }
Signature verification requires CA's private key, the CA certificate,
and the generated Certification Request.
CA DH private key:
x: 3E 5D AD FD E5 F4 6B 1B 61 5E 18 F9 0B 84 74 a7
52 1E D6 92 BC 34 94 56 F3 0C BE DA 67 7A DD 7D
Appendix C. Example of Discrete Log Signature
Step 1. Generate a DH key with length of q being 256 bits.
p:
94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7 C5
A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82 F5
D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21 51
63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68 5B
79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72 8A
F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2 32
E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02 D7
B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85 27
q:
E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94 B1
85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30 FB
g:
26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
j:
A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7 B0
CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D AB
83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39 40
9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76 B4
61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56 68
47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2 92
y:
5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1 E6 A7 01
4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0 46 79 50
A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69 B7 11 A1
C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22 4D 0A 11
6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF D8 59 92
C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21 E1 AF 7A
3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31 4D F2 C6
ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0 8F C5 1A
seed:
1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
09 E4 98 34
C:
00000037
x:
3E 5D AD FD E5 F4 6B 1B 61 5E 18 F9 0B 84 74 a7
52 1E D6 92 BC 34 94 56 F3 0C BE DA 67 7A DD 7D
Step 2. Form the value to be signed and hash with SHA1. The result
of the hash for this example is:
5f a2 69 b6 4b 22 91 22 6f 4c fe 68 ec 2b d1 c6
d4 21 e5 2c
Step 3. The hash value needs to be expanded, since |q| = 256. This
is done by hashing the hash with SHA1 and appending it to the
original hash. The value after this step is:
5f a2 69 b6 4b 22 91 22 6f 4c fe 68 ec 2b d1 c6
d4 21 e5 2c 64 92 8b c9 5e 34 59 70 bd 62 40 ad
6f 26 3b f7 1c a3 b2 cb
Next, the first 255 bits of this value are taken to be the resulting
"hash" value. Note that in this case a shift of one bit right is
done, since the result is to be treated as an integer:
2f d1 34 db 25 91 48 91 37 a6 7f 34 76 15 e8 e3
6a 10 f2 96 32 49 45 e4 af 1a 2c b8 5e b1 20 56
Step 4. The signature value is computed. In this case, you get the
values:
r:
A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73 F5 7D F6 5C 14
43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E 5A 77 FF C3 4B
s:
59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D 55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D
66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68 75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1
The encoded signature value is then:
30 45 02 21 00 A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73
F5 7D F6 5C 14 43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E
5A 77 FF C3 4B 02 20 59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D
55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D 66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68
75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1
Result:
30 82 02 c2 30 82 02 67 02 01 00 30 1b 31 19 30
17 06 03 55 04 03 13 10 49 45 54 46 20 50 4b 49
58 20 53 41 4d 50 4c 45 30 82 02 41 30 82 01 b6
06 07 2a 86 48 ce 3e 02 01 30 82 01 a9 02 81 81
00 94 84 e0 45 6c 7f 69 51 62 3e 56 80 7c 68 e7
c5 a9 9e 9e 74 74 94 ed 90 8c 1d c4 e1 4a 14 82
f5 d2 94 0c 19 e3 b9 10 bb 11 b9 e5 a5 fb 8e 21
51 63 02 86 aa 06 b8 21 36 b6 7f 36 df d1 d6 68
5b 79 7c 1d 5a 14 75 1f 6a 93 75 93 ce bb 97 72
8a f0 0f 23 9d 47 f6 d4 b3 c7 f0 f4 e6 f6 2b c2
32 e1 89 67 be 7e 06 ae f8 d0 01 6b 8b 2a f5 02
d7 b6 a8 63 94 83 b0 1b 31 7d 52 1a de e5 03 85
27 02 81 80 26 a6 32 2c 5a 2b d4 33 2b 5c dc 06
87 53 3f 90 06 61 50 38 3e d2 b9 7d 81 1c 12 10
c5 0c 53 d4 64 d1 8e 30 07 08 8c dd 3f 0a 2f 2c
d6 1b 7f 57 86 d0 da bb 6e 36 2a 18 e8 d3 bc 70
31 7a 48 b6 4e 18 6e dd 1f 22 06 eb 3f ea d4 41
69 d9 9b de 47 95 7a 72 91 d2 09 7f 49 5c 3b 03
33 51 c8 f1 39 9a ff 04 d5 6e 7e 94 3d 03 b8 f6
31 15 26 48 95 a8 5c de 47 88 b4 69 3a 00 a7 86
9e da d1 cd 02 21 00 e8 72 fa 96 f0 11 40 f5 f2
dc fd 3b 5d 78 94 b1 85 01 e5 69 37 21 f7 25 b9
ba 71 4a fc 60 30 fb 02 61 00 a3 91 01 c0 a8 6e
a4 4d a0 56 fc 6c fe 1f a7 b0 cd 0f 94 87 0c 25
be 97 76 8d eb e5 a4 09 5d ab 83 cd 80 0b 35 67
7f 0c 8e a7 31 98 32 85 39 40 9d 11 98 d8 de b8
7f 86 9b af 8d 67 3d b6 76 b4 61 2f 21 e1 4b 0e
68 ff 53 3e 87 dd d8 71 56 68 47 dc f7 20 63 4b
3c 5f 78 71 83 e6 70 9e e2 92 30 1a 03 15 00 1c
d5 3a 0d 17 82 6d 0a 81 75 81 46 10 8e 3e db 09
e4 98 34 02 01 37 03 81 84 00 02 81 80 5f cf 39
ad 62 cf 49 8e d1 ce 66 e2 b1 e6 a7 01 4d 05 c2
77 c8 92 52 42 a9 05 a4 db e0 46 79 50 a3 fc 99
3d 3d a6 9b a9 ad bc 62 1c 69 b7 11 a1 c0 2a f1
85 28 f7 68 fe d6 8f 31 56 22 4d 0a 11 6e 72 3a
02 af 0e 27 aa f9 ed ce 05 ef d8 59 92 c0 18 d7
69 6e bd 70 b6 21 d1 77 39 21 e1 af 7a 3a cf 20
0a b4 2c 69 5f cf 79 67 20 31 4d f2 c6 ed 23 bf
c4 bb 1e d1 71 40 2c 07 d6 f0 8f c5 1a a0 00 30
0c 06 08 2b 06 01 05 05 07 06 04 05 00 03 47 00
30 44 02 20 54 d9 43 8d 0f 9d 42 03 d6 09 aa a1
9a 3c 17 09 ae bd ee b3 d1 a0 00 db 7d 8c b8 e4
56 e6 57 7b 02 20 44 89 b1 04 f5 40 2b 5f e7 9c
f9 a4 97 50 0d ad c3 7a a4 2b b2 2d 5d 79 fb 38
8a b4 df bb 88 bc
Decoded version of result:
0 30 707: SEQUENCE {
4 30 615: SEQUENCE {
8 02 1: INTEGER 0
11 30 27: SEQUENCE {
13 31 25: SET {
15 30 23: SEQUENCE {
17 06 3: OBJECT IDENTIFIER commonName (2 5 4 3)
22 13 16: PrintableString 'IETF PKIX SAMPLE'
: }
: }
: }
40 30 577: SEQUENCE {
44 30 438: SEQUENCE {
48 06 7: OBJECT IDENTIFIER dhPublicNumber (1 2 840 10046 2
1)
57 30 425: SEQUENCE {
61 02 129: INTEGER
: 00 94 84 E0 45 6C 7F 69 51 62 3E 56 80 7C 68 E7
: C5 A9 9E 9E 74 74 94 ED 90 8C 1D C4 E1 4A 14 82
: F5 D2 94 0C 19 E3 B9 10 BB 11 B9 E5 A5 FB 8E 21
: 51 63 02 86 AA 06 B8 21 36 B6 7F 36 DF D1 D6 68
: 5B 79 7C 1D 5A 14 75 1F 6A 93 75 93 CE BB 97 72
: 8A F0 0F 23 9D 47 F6 D4 B3 C7 F0 F4 E6 F6 2B C2
: 32 E1 89 67 BE 7E 06 AE F8 D0 01 6B 8B 2A F5 02
: D7 B6 A8 63 94 83 B0 1B 31 7D 52 1A DE E5 03 85
: 27
193 02 128: INTEGER
: 26 A6 32 2C 5A 2B D4 33 2B 5C DC 06 87 53 3F 90
: 06 61 50 38 3E D2 B9 7D 81 1C 12 10 C5 0C 53 D4
: 64 D1 8E 30 07 08 8C DD 3F 0A 2F 2C D6 1B 7F 57
: 86 D0 DA BB 6E 36 2A 18 E8 D3 BC 70 31 7A 48 B6
: 4E 18 6E DD 1F 22 06 EB 3F EA D4 41 69 D9 9B DE
: 47 95 7A 72 91 D2 09 7F 49 5C 3B 03 33 51 C8 F1
: 39 9A FF 04 D5 6E 7E 94 3D 03 B8 F6 31 15 26 48
: 95 A8 5C DE 47 88 B4 69 3A 00 A7 86 9E DA D1 CD
324 02 33: INTEGER
: 00 E8 72 FA 96 F0 11 40 F5 F2 DC FD 3B 5D 78 94
: B1 85 01 E5 69 37 21 F7 25 B9 BA 71 4A FC 60 30
: FB
359 02 97: INTEGER
: 00 A3 91 01 C0 A8 6E A4 4D A0 56 FC 6C FE 1F A7
: B0 CD 0F 94 87 0C 25 BE 97 76 8D EB E5 A4 09 5D
: AB 83 CD 80 0B 35 67 7F 0C 8E A7 31 98 32 85 39
: 40 9D 11 98 D8 DE B8 7F 86 9B AF 8D 67 3D B6 76
: B4 61 2F 21 E1 4B 0E 68 FF 53 3E 87 DD D8 71 56
: 68 47 DC F7 20 63 4B 3C 5F 78 71 83 E6 70 9E E2
: 92
458 30 26: SEQUENCE {
460 03 21: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 1C D5 3A 0D 17 82 6D 0A 81 75 81 46 10 8E 3E DB
: 09 E4 98 34
483 02 1: INTEGER 55
: }
: }
: }
486 03 132: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 02 81 80 5F CF 39 AD 62 CF 49 8E D1 CE 66 E2 B1
: E6 A7 01 4D 05 C2 77 C8 92 52 42 A9 05 A4 DB E0
: 46 79 50 A3 FC 99 3D 3D A6 9B A9 AD BC 62 1C 69
: B7 11 A1 C0 2A F1 85 28 F7 68 FE D6 8F 31 56 22
: 4D 0A 11 6E 72 3A 02 AF 0E 27 AA F9 ED CE 05 EF
: D8 59 92 C0 18 D7 69 6E BD 70 B6 21 D1 77 39 21
: E1 AF 7A 3A CF 20 0A B4 2C 69 5F CF 79 67 20 31
: 4D F2 C6 ED 23 BF C4 BB 1E D1 71 40 2C 07 D6 F0
: 8F C5 1A
: }
621 A0 0: [0]
: }
623 30 12: SEQUENCE {
625 06 8: OBJECT IDENTIFIER '1 3 6 1 5 5 7 6 4'
635 05 0: NULL
: }
637 03 72: BIT STRING 0 unused bits
: 30 45 02 21 00 A1 B5 B4 90 01 34 6B A0 31 6A 73
: F5 7D F6 5C 14 43 52 D2 10 BF 86 58 87 F7 BC 6E
: 5A 77 FF C3 4B 02 20 59 40 45 BC 6F 0D DC FF 9D
: 55 40 1E C4 9E 51 3D 66 EF B2 FF 06 40 9A 39 68
: 75 81 F7 EC 9E BE A1
: }
Authors' Addresses
Jim Schaad
Soaring Hawk Consulting
EMail: ietf@augustcellars.com
Hemma Prafullchandra
HyTrust, Inc.
1975 W. El Camino Real, Suite 203
Mountain View, CA 94040
USA
Phone: (650) 681-8100
EMail: HPrafullchandra@hytrust.com