RFC 6707
Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem Statement
Pages: 32
Informational
Informational
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Niven-Jenkins Request for Comments: 6707 Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) Category: Informational F. Le Faucheur ISSN: 2070-1721 Cisco N. Bitar Verizon September 2012 Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem StatementAbstract
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) provide numerous benefits for cacheable content: reduced delivery cost, improved quality of experience for End Users, and increased robustness of delivery. For these reasons, they are frequently used for large-scale content delivery. As a result, existing CDN Providers are scaling up their infrastructure, and many Network Service Providers (NSPs) are deploying their own CDNs. It is generally desirable that a given content item can be delivered to an End User regardless of that End User's location or attachment network. This is the motivation for interconnecting standalone CDNs so they can interoperate as an open content delivery infrastructure for the end-to-end delivery of content from Content Service Providers (CSPs) to End Users. However, no standards or open specifications currently exist to facilitate such CDN Interconnection. The goal of this document is to outline the problem area of CDN Interconnection for the IETF CDNI (CDN Interconnection) working group. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6707.
Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 1.1. Terminology ................................................4 1.2. CDN Background .............................................9 2. CDN Interconnection Use Cases ...................................9 3. CDN Interconnection Model and Problem Area for IETF ............11 4. Scoping the CDNI Problem .......................................15 4.1. CDNI Control Interface ....................................16 4.2. CDNI Request Routing Interface ............................16 4.3. CDNI Metadata Interface ...................................17 4.4. CDNI Logging Interface ....................................17 5. Security Considerations ........................................17 5.1. Security of the CDNI Control Interface ....................18 5.2. Security of the CDNI Request Routing Interface ............18 5.3. Security of the CDNI Metadata Interface ...................19 5.4. Security of the CDNI Logging Interface ....................19 6. Acknowledgements ...............................................19 7. Informative References .........................................20 Appendix A. Design Considerations for Realizing the CDNI Interfaces ............................................22 A.1. CDNI Control Interface .....................................22 A.2. CDNI Request Routing Interface .............................23 A.3. CDNI Metadata Interface ....................................25 A.4. CDNI Logging Interface .....................................26 Appendix B. Additional Material ...................................27 B.1. Non-Goals for IETF .........................................27 B.2. Relationship to Relevant IETF Working Groups and IRTF Research Groups ............................................29 B.2.1. ALTO WG ................................................29 B.2.2. DECADE WG ..............................................29 B.2.3. PPSP WG ................................................31 B.2.4. IRTF P2P Research Group ................................31
1. Introduction
The volume of video and multimedia content delivered over the Internet is rapidly increasing and expected to continue doing so in the future. In the face of this growth, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) provide numerous benefits for cacheable content: reduced delivery cost, improved quality of experience for End Users (EUs), and increased robustness of delivery. For these reasons, CDNs are frequently used for large-scale content delivery. As a result, existing CDN Providers are scaling up their infrastructure, and many Network Service Providers (NSPs) are deploying their own CDNs. It is generally desirable that a given content item can be delivered to an EU regardless of that EU's location or the network they are attached to. However, a given CDN in charge of delivering a given content may not have a footprint that expands close enough to the EU's current location or attachment network, or may not have the necessary resources, to realize the user experience and cost benefit that a more distributed CDN infrastructure would allow. This is the motivation for interconnecting standalone CDNs so that their collective CDN footprint and resources can be leveraged for the end-to-end delivery of content from Content Service Providers (CSPs) to EUs. As an example, a CSP could contract with an "authoritative" CDN Provider for the delivery of content, and that Authoritative CDN Provider could contract with one or more downstream CDN Providers to distribute and deliver some or all of the content on behalf of the Authoritative CDN Provider. A typical end-to-end content delivery scenario would then involve the following business arrangements: o A business arrangement between the EU and his CSP, authorizing access by the EU to content items controlled by the CSP. o A business arrangement between the CSP and an "authoritative" CDN Provider where the CSP mandates that the CDN Provider perform the content delivery on behalf of the CSP. o A business arrangement between the Authoritative CDN Provider and another (or other) CDN(s) where the Authoritative CDN may delegate the actual serving of some of the content delivery requests to the other CDN(s). A particular case is where this other CDN Provider happens to also be the Network Service Provider providing network access to the EU, in which case there is also a separate and independent business relationship between the EU and the NSP for the corresponding network access.
The formation and details of any business relationships between a CSP
and a CDN Provider as well as between one CDN Provider and another
CDN Provider are out of scope of this document. However, this
document concerns itself with the fact that no standards or open
specifications currently exist to facilitate such CDN Interconnection
from a technical perspective.
One possible flow for performing an end-to-end content delivery
across a CDN Interconnection is described below:
o The initial content request from an EU's User Agent is first
received by the authoritative (upstream) CDN, which is the CDN
with a business arrangement with the CSP.
o The authoritative (upstream) CDN may serve the request itself, or
it may elect to use CDN Interconnection to redirect the request to
a Downstream CDN that is in a better position to do so (e.g., a
Downstream CDN that is "closer" to the EU).
o The EU's User Agent will "follow" the redirect returned by the
Authoritative CDN and request the content from the Downstream CDN.
If required, the Downstream CDN will acquire the requested content
from the authoritative (upstream) CDN, and if necessary the
Authoritative CDN will acquire the requested content from the
Content Service Provider.
The goal of this document is to outline the problem area of CDN
Interconnection. Section 2 discusses the use cases for CDN
Interconnection. Section 3 presents the CDNI model and problem area
being considered by the IETF. Section 4 describes each CDNI
interface individually and highlights example candidate protocols
that could be considered for reuse or leveraging to implement the
CDNI interfaces. Appendix B.2 describes the relationships between
the CDNI problem space and other relevant IETF working groups and
IRTF research groups.
1.1. Terminology
This document uses the following terms:
Authoritative CDN: A CDN that has a direct relationship with a CSP
for the distribution and delivery of that CSP's content by the
Authoritative CDN or by Downstream CDNs of the Authoritative CDN.
CDN Interconnection (CDNI): A relationship between a pair of CDNs
that enables one CDN to provide content delivery services on behalf
of another CDN. A CDN Interconnection may be wholly or partially
realized through a set of interfaces over which a pair of CDNs
communicate with each other in order to achieve the delivery of content to User Agents by Surrogates in one CDN (the Downstream CDN) on behalf of another CDN (the Upstream CDN). CDN Provider: The service provider who operates a CDN and offers a service of content delivery, typically used by a Content Service Provider or another CDN Provider. Note that a given entity may operate in more than one role. For example, a company may simultaneously operate as a Content Service Provider, a Network Service Provider, and a CDN Provider. CDNI Metadata: The subset of Content Distribution Metadata that has an inter-CDN scope. For example, CDNI Metadata may include geo-blocking information (i.e., information defining geographical areas where the content is to be made available or blocked), availability windows (i.e., information defining time windows during which the content is to be made available or blocked) and access control mechanisms to be enforced (e.g., URI signature validation). CDNI Metadata may also include information about desired distribution policy (e.g., pre-positioned vs dynamic acquisition) and about where/ how a CDN can acquire the content. Content: Any form of digital data. One important form of Content with additional constraints on distribution and delivery is continuous media (i.e., where there is a timing relationship between source and sink). Content Distribution Metadata: The subset of Content Metadata that is relevant to the distribution of the content. This is the metadata required by a CDN in order to enable and control content distribution and delivery by the CDN. In a CDN Interconnection environment, some of the Content Distribution Metadata may have an intra-CDN scope (and therefore need not be communicated between CDNs), while some of the Content Distribution Metadata may have an inter-CDN scope (and therefore needs to be communicated between CDNs). Content Distribution Network (CDN) / Content Delivery Network (CDN): Network infrastructure in which the network elements cooperate at Layers 4 through 7 for more effective delivery of Content to User Agents. Typically, a CDN consists of a Request Routing system, a Distribution system (that includes a set of Surrogates), a Logging system, and a CDN Control system.
Content Metadata: This is metadata about Content. Content Metadata
comprises:
1. Metadata that is relevant to the distribution of the content (and
therefore relevant to a CDN involved in the delivery of that
content). We refer to this type of metadata as "Content
Distribution Metadata". See also the definition of Content
Distribution Metadata.
2. Metadata that is associated with the actual Content or content
representation, and not directly relevant to the distribution of
that Content. For example, such metadata may include information
pertaining to the Content's genre, cast, rating, etc. as well as
information pertaining to the Content representation's
resolution, aspect ratio, etc.
Content Service: The service offered by a Content Service Provider.
The Content Service encompasses the complete service, which may be
wider than just providing access to items of Content; e.g., the
Content Service also includes any middleware, key distribution,
program guide, etc. that may not require any direct interaction with
the CDN, or CDNs, involved in the distribution and delivery of the
content.
Content Service Provider (CSP): Provides a Content Service to End
Users (which they access via a User Agent). A CSP may own the
Content made available as part of the Content Service, or may license
content rights from another party.
Control system: The function within a CDN responsible for
bootstrapping and controlling the other components of the CDN as well
as for handling interactions with external systems (e.g., handling
delivery service creation/update/removal requests, or specific
service provisioning requests).
Delivery: The function within CDN Surrogates responsible for
delivering a piece of content to the User Agent. For example,
delivery may be based on HTTP progressive download or HTTP adaptive
streaming.
Distribution system: The function within a CDN responsible for
distributing Content Distribution Metadata as well as the Content
itself inside the CDN (e.g., down to the Surrogates).
Downstream CDN: For a given End User request, the CDN (within a pair
of directly interconnected CDNs) to which the request is redirected
by the other CDN (the Upstream CDN). Note that in the case of
successive redirections (e.g., CDN1-->CDN2-->CDN3), a given CDN
(e.g., CDN2) may act as the Downstream CDN for a redirection (e.g., CDN1-->CDN2) and as the Upstream CDN for the subsequent redirection of the same request (e.g., CDN2-->CDN3). Dynamic CDNI Metadata acquisition: In the context of CDN Interconnection, dynamic CDNI Metadata acquisition means that a Downstream CDN acquires CDNI Metadata for content from the Upstream CDN at some point in time after a request for that content is delegated to the Downstream CDN by an Upstream CDN (and that specific CDNI Metadata is not yet available in the Downstream CDN). See also the definitions for Downstream CDN and Upstream CDN. Dynamic content acquisition: Dynamic content acquisition is where a CDN acquires content from the content source in response to an End User requesting that content from the CDN. In the context of CDN Interconnection, dynamic acquisition means that a Downstream CDN acquires the content from content sources (including Upstream CDNs) at some point in time after a request for that content is delegated to the Downstream CDN by an Upstream CDN (and that specific content is not yet available in the Downstream CDN). End User (EU): The 'real' user of the system, typically a human but maybe some combination of hardware and/or software emulating a human (e.g., for automated quality monitoring etc.). Logging system: The function within a CDN responsible for collecting the measurement and recording of distribution and delivery activities. The information recorded by the Logging system may be used for various purposes, including charging (e.g., of the CSP), analytics, and monitoring. Metadata: Metadata in general is data about data. Network Service Provider (NSP): Provides network-based connectivity/ services to End Users. Over-the-top (OTT): A service, e.g., content delivery using a CDN, operated by a different operator than the NSP to which the users of that service are attached. Pre-positioned CDNI Metadata acquisition: In the context of CDN Interconnection, CDNI Metadata pre-positioning is where the Downstream CDN acquires CDNI Metadata for content prior to, or independently of, any End User requesting that content from the Downstream CDN.
Pre-positioned content acquisition: Content pre-positioning is where a CDN acquires content from the content source prior to, or independently of, any End User requesting that content from the CDN. In the context of CDN Interconnection, the Upstream CDN instructs the Downstream CDN to acquire the content from content sources (including Upstream CDNs) in advance of, or independently of, any End User requesting it. Quality of Experience (QoE): As defined in Section 2.4 of [RFC6390]. Request Routing system: The function within a CDN responsible for receiving a Content Request from a User Agent, obtaining and maintaining necessary information about a set of candidate Surrogates or candidate CDNs, and for selecting and redirecting the user to the appropriate Surrogate or CDN. To enable CDN Interconnection, the Request Routing system must also be capable of handling User Agent Content Requests passed to it by another CDN. Surrogate: A device/function (often called a cache) that interacts with other elements of the CDN for the control and distribution of Content within the CDN and interacts with User Agents for the delivery of the Content. Typically, Surrogates will cache requested content so that they can directly deliver the same content in response to requests from multiple User Agents (and their End Users), avoiding the need for the content to transit multiple times through the network core (i.e., from the content origin to the Surrogate). Upstream CDN: For a given End User request, the CDN (within a pair of directly interconnected CDNs) that redirects the request to the other CDN. User Agent (UA): Software (or a combination of hardware and software) through which the End User interacts with a Content Service. The User Agent will communicate with a Content Service for the selection of content and one or more CDNs for the delivery of the Content. Such communication is not restricted to HTTP and may be via a variety of protocols. Examples of User Agents (non-exhaustive) are browsers, Set Top Boxes (STBs), dedicated content applications (e.g., media players), etc.
1.2. CDN Background
Readers are assumed to be familiar with the architecture, features, and operation of CDNs. For readers less familiar with the operation of CDNs, the following resources may be useful: o RFC 3040 [RFC3040] describes many of the component technologies that are used in the construction of a CDN. o Taxonomy [TAXONOMY] compares the architecture of a number of CDNs. o RFC 3466 [RFC3466] and RFC 3570 [RFC3570] are the output of the IETF Content Distribution Internetworking (CDI) working group, which was closed in 2003. Note: Some of the terms used in this document are similar to terms used in the above referenced documents. When reading this document, terms should be interpreted as having the definitions provided in Section 1.1.2. CDN Interconnection Use Cases
An increasing number of NSPs are deploying CDNs in order to deal cost-effectively with the growing usage of on-demand video services and other content delivery applications. CDNs allow caching of content closer to the edge of a network so that a given item of content can be delivered by a CDN Surrogate (i.e., a cache) to multiple User Agents (and their End Users) without transiting multiple times through the network core (i.e., from the content origin to the Surrogate). This contributes to bandwidth cost reductions for the NSP and to improved quality of experience for the End Users. CDNs also enable replication of popular content across many Surrogates, which enables content to be served to large numbers of User Agents concurrently. This also helps in dealing with situations such as flash crowds and denial-of-service attacks. The CDNs deployed by NSPs are not just restricted to the delivery of content to support the Network Service Provider's own 'walled garden' services, such as IP delivery of television services to Set Top Boxes, but are also used for delivery of content to other devices, including PCs, tablets, mobile phones, etc. Some service providers operate over multiple geographies and federate multiple affiliate NSPs. These NSPs typically operate independent CDNs. As they evolve their services (e.g., for seamless support of content services to nomadic users across affiliate NSPs), there is a
need for interconnection of these CDNs; this represents a first use case for CDNI. However, there are no open specifications, nor common best practices, defining how to achieve such CDN Interconnection. CSPs have a desire to be able to get (some of) their content to very large numbers of End Users, who are often distributed across a number of geographies, while maintaining a high quality of experience, all without having to maintain direct business relationships with many different CDN Providers (or having to extend their own CDN to a large number of locations). Some NSPs are considering interconnecting their respective CDNs (as well as possibly over-the-top CDNs) so that this collective infrastructure can address the requirements of CSPs in a cost-effective manner. This represents a second use case for CDNI. In particular, this would enable the CSPs to benefit from on-net delivery (i.e., within the Network Service Provider's own network/CDN footprint) whenever possible and off-net delivery otherwise, without requiring the CSPs to maintain direct business relationships with all the CDNs involved in the delivery. Again, CDN Providers (NSPs or over-the-top CDN operators) are faced with a lack of open specifications and best practices. NSPs have often deployed CDNs as specialized cost-reduction projects within the context of a particular service or environment. Some NSPs operate separate CDNs for separate services. For example, there may be a CDN for managed IPTV service delivery, a CDN for web-TV delivery, and a CDN for video delivery to mobile terminals. As NSPs integrate their service portfolio, there is a need for interconnecting these CDNs, representing a third use case for CDNI. Again, NSPs face the problem of lack of open interfaces for CDN Interconnection. For operational reasons (e.g., disaster, flash crowd) or commercial reasons, an over-the-top CDN may elect to make use of another CDN (e.g., an NSP CDN with on-net Surrogates for a given footprint) for serving a subset of the user requests (e.g., requests from users attached to that NSP), which results in a fourth use case for CDNI because CDN Providers (over-the-top CDN Providers or NSPs) are faced with a lack of open specifications and best practices. Use cases for CDN Interconnection are further discussed in [CDNI-USE-CASES].
3. CDN Interconnection Model and Problem Area for IETF
This section discusses the problem area for the IETF work on CDN Interconnection. Interconnecting CDNs involves interactions among multiple different functions and components that form each CDN. Only some of those require additional specification by the IETF. Some NSPs have started to perform experiments to explore whether their CDN use cases can already be addressed with existing CDN implementations. One set of such experiments is documented in [CDNI-EXPERIMENTS]. The conclusions of those experiments are that while some basic limited CDN Interconnection functionality can be achieved with existing CDN technology, the current lack of any standardized CDNI interfaces with the necessary level of functionality such as those discussed in this document is preventing the deployment of CDN Interconnection. Listed below are the four interfaces required to interconnect a pair of CDNs and that constitute the problem space of CDN Interconnection along with the required functionality of each interface for which standards do not currently exist. As part of the development of the CDNI interfaces, it will also be necessary to agree on common mechanisms for how to identify and name the data objects that are to be interchanged between interconnected CDNs. The use of the term "interface" is meant to encompass the protocol over which CDNI data representations (e.g., CDNI Metadata objects) are exchanged as well as the specification of the data representations themselves (i.e., what properties/fields each object contains, its structure, etc.). o CDNI Control interface: This interface allows the "CDNI Control" system in interconnected CDNs to communicate. This interface may support the following: * Allow bootstrapping of the other CDNI interfaces (e.g., interface address/URL discovery and establishment of security associations). * Allow configuration of the other CDNI interfaces (e.g., Upstream CDN specifies information to be reported through the CDNI Logging interface). * Allow the Downstream CDN to communicate static (or fairly static) information about its delivery capabilities and policies.
* Allow bootstrapping of the interface between CDNs for content
acquisition (even if that interface itself is outside the scope
of the CDNI work).
* Allow an Upstream CDN to initiate or request specific actions
to be undertaken in the Downstream CDN. For example, to allow
an Upstream CDN to initiate content or CDNI Metadata
acquisition (pre-positioning) or to request the invalidation
or purging of content files and/or CDNI Metadata in a
Downstream CDN.
o CDNI Request Routing interface: This interface allows the Request
Routing systems in interconnected CDNs to communicate to ensure
that an End User request can be (re)directed from an Upstream CDN
to a Surrogate in the Downstream CDN, in particular where
selection responsibilities may be split across CDNs (for example,
the Upstream CDN may be responsible for selecting the Downstream
CDN, while the Downstream CDN may be responsible for selecting the
actual Surrogate within that Downstream CDN). In particular, the
functions of the CDN Request Routing interface may be divided as
follows:
* A CDNI Request Routing Redirection interface, which allows the
Upstream CDN to query the Downstream CDN at request routing
time before redirecting the request to the Downstream CDN.
* A CDNI Footprint & Capabilities advertisement interface, which
allows the Downstream CDN to provide to the Upstream CDN
(static or dynamic) information (e.g., resources, footprint,
load) to facilitate selection of the Downstream CDN by the
Upstream CDN Request Routing system when processing subsequent
Content Requests from User Agents.
o CDNI Metadata interface: This interface allows the Distribution
system in interconnected CDNs to communicate to ensure that CDNI
Metadata can be exchanged across CDNs. See Section 1.1 for the
definition and examples of CDNI Metadata.
o CDNI Logging interface: This interface allows the Logging system
in interconnected CDNs to communicate the relevant activity logs
in order to allow log-consuming applications to operate in a
multi-CDN environment. For example, an Upstream CDN may collect
delivery logs from a Downstream CDN in order to perform
consolidated charging of the CSP or for settlement purposes across
CDNs. Similarly, an Upstream CDN may collect delivery logs from a
Downstream CDN in order to provide consolidated reporting and
monitoring to the CSP.
Note that the actual grouping of functionalities under these four interfaces is considered tentative at this stage and may be changed after further study (e.g., some subset of functionality may be moved from one interface into another). The above list covers a significant potential problem space, in part because in order to interconnect two CDNs there are several 'touch points' that require standardization. However, it is expected that the CDNI interfaces need not be defined from scratch and instead can reuse or leverage existing protocols to a very significant extent; this is discussed further in Section 4. The interfaces that form the CDNI problem area are illustrated in Figure 1.
-------- / \ | CSP | \ / -------- * * * /\ * / \ ---------------------- |CDNI| ---------------------- / Upstream CDN \ | | / Downstream CDN \ | +-------------+ | Control Interface| +-------------+ | |******* Control |<======|====|========>| Control *******| |* +------*----*-+ | | | | +-*----*------+ *| |* * * | | | | * * *| |* +------*------+ | Logging Interface| +------*------+ *| |* ***** Logging |<======|====|========>| Logging ***** *| |* * +-*-----------+ | | | | +-----------*-+ * *| |* * * * | Request Routing | * * * *| .....*...+-*---------*-+ | Interface | +-*---------*-+...*.*... . |* * *** Req-Routing |<======|====|========>| Req-Routing *** * *| . . |* * * +-------------+.| | | | +-------------+ * * *| . . |* * * . CDNI Metadata | * * *| . . |* * * +-------------+ |. Interface | +-------------+ * * *| . . |* * * | Distribution|<==.===|====|========>| Distribution| * * *| . . |* * * | | | . \ / | | | * * *| . . |* * * |+---------+ | | . \/ | | +---------+| * * *| . . |* * ***| +---------+| | ....Request......+---------+ |*** * *| . . |* *****+-|Surrogate|************************|Surrogate|-+***** *| . . |******* +---------+| | Acquisition | |+----------+ *******| . . | +-------------+ | | +-------*-----+ | . . \ / \ * / . . ---------------------- ---------*------------ . . * . . * Delivery . . * . . +--*---+ . ...............Request.............................| User |..Request.. | Agent| +------+ <==> interfaces inside the scope of CDNI **** interfaces outside the scope of CDNI .... interfaces outside the scope of CDNI Figure 1: A Model for the CDNI Problem Area
As illustrated in Figure 1, the acquisition of content between interconnected CDNs is out of scope for CDNI; this deserves some additional explanation. The consequence of such a decision is that the CDNI problem space described in this document is focused on only defining the control plane for CDNI, and the CDNI data plane (i.e., the acquisition and distribution of the actual content objects) is out of scope. The rationale for such a decision is that CDNs today typically already use standardized protocols such as HTTP, FTP, rsync, etc. to acquire content from their CSP customers, and it is expected that the same protocols could be used for acquisition between interconnected CDNs. Therefore, the problem of content acquisition is considered already solved, and all that is required with respect to content acquisition from specifications developed by the CDNI working group is to describe within the CDNI Metadata the parameters to use to retrieve the content -- for example, the IP address/hostname to connect to, what protocol to use to retrieve the content, etc.4. Scoping the CDNI Problem
This section outlines how the scope of work addressing the CDNI problem space can be constrained through reuse or leveraging of existing protocols to implement the CDNI interfaces. This discussion is not intended to preempt any working group decision as to the most appropriate protocols, technologies, and solutions to select to realize the CDNI interfaces but is intended as an illustration of the fact that the CDNI interfaces need not be created in a vacuum and that reuse or leverage of existing protocols is likely possible. The four CDNI interfaces (CDNI Control interface, CDNI Request Routing interface, CDNI Metadata interface, and CDNI Logging interface) described in Section 3 within the CDNI problem area are all control plane interfaces operating at the application layer (Layer 7 in the OSI network model). Firstly, since it is not expected that these interfaces would exhibit unique session, transport, or network requirements as compared to the many other existing applications in the Internet, it is expected that the CDNI interfaces will be defined on top of existing session, transport, and network protocols. Secondly, although a new application protocol could be designed specifically for CDNI, our analysis below shows that this is unnecessary, and it is recommended that existing application protocols be reused or leveraged (HTTP [RFC2616], the Atom Publishing Protocol [RFC5023], the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) [RFC6120], for example) to realize the CDNI interfaces.
4.1. CDNI Control Interface
The CDNI Control interface allows the Control system in interconnected CDNs to communicate. The exact inter-CDN control functionality required to be supported by the CDNI Control interface is less well defined than the other three CDNI interfaces at this time. It is expected that for the Control interface, as for the other CDNI interfaces, existing protocols can be reused or leveraged.4.2. CDNI Request Routing Interface
The CDNI Request Routing interface enables a Request Routing function in an Upstream CDN to query a Request Routing function in a Downstream CDN to determine if the Downstream CDN is able (and willing) to accept the delegated Content Request. It also allows the Downstream CDN to control what should be returned to the User Agent in the redirection message by the upstream Request Routing function. The CDNI Request Routing interface is therefore a fairly straightforward request/response interface and could be implemented over any number of request/response protocols. For example, it may be implemented as a WebService using one of the common WebServices methodologies (Extensible Markup Language-Remote Procedure Calling (XML-RPC), HTTP query to a known URI, etc.). This removes the need for the CDNI working group to define a new protocol for the request/ response element of the CDNI Request Routing interface. Additionally, as discussed in Section 3, the CDNI Request Routing interface is also expected to enable a Downstream CDN to provide to the Upstream CDN (static or dynamic) information (e.g., resources, footprint, load) to facilitate selection of the Downstream CDN by the Upstream CDN Request Routing system when processing subsequent Content Requests from User Agents. It is expected that such functionality of the CDNI request routing could be specified by the CDNI working group with significant leveraging of existing IETF protocols supporting the dynamic distribution of reachability information (for example, by leveraging existing routing protocols) or supporting application-level queries for topological information (for example, by leveraging Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) [RFC5693]).
4.3. CDNI Metadata Interface
The CDNI Metadata interface enables the Distribution system in a Downstream CDN to request CDNI Metadata from an Upstream CDN so that the Downstream CDN can properly process and respond to redirection requests received over the CDNI Request Routing interface and Content Requests received directly from User Agents. The CDNI Metadata interface is therefore similar to the CDNI Request Routing interface because it is a request/response interface with the potential addition that CDNI Metadata search may have more complex semantics than a straightforward Request Routing redirection request. Therefore, like the CDNI Request Routing interface, the CDNI Metadata interface may be implemented as a WebService using one of the common WebServices methodologies (XML-RPC, HTTP query to a known URI, etc.) or possibly using other existing protocols such as XMPP [RFC6120]. This removes the need for the CDNI working group to define a new protocol for the request/response element of the CDNI Metadata interface.4.4. CDNI Logging Interface
The CDNI Logging interface enables details of content distribution and delivery activities to be exchanged between interconnected CDNs -- for example, the exchange of log records related to the delivery of content, similar to the log records recorded in a web server's access log. Several protocols already exist that could potentially be used to exchange CDNI logs between interconnected CDNs, including the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), syslog, FTP (and secure variants), HTTP POST, etc.5. Security Considerations
Distribution of content by a CDN comes with a range of security considerations, such as how to enforce control of access to the content by End Users in line with the CSP policy, or how to trust the logging information generated by the CDN for the purposes of charging the CSP. These security aspects are already dealt with by CDN Providers and CSPs today in the context of standalone CDNs. However, interconnection of CDNs introduces a new set of security considerations by extending the trust model to a chain of trust (i.e., the CSP "trusts" a CDN that "trusts" another CDN). The mechanisms used to mitigate these risks in multi-CDN environments may be similar to those used in the single-CDN case, but their suitability in this more complex environment must be validated.
The interconnection of CDNs may also introduce additional privacy considerations on top of those that apply to the single-CDN case. In a multi-CDN environment, the different CDNs may reside in different legal regimes that require differing privacy requirements to be enforced. Such privacy requirements may impact the granularity of information that can be exchanged across the CDNI interfaces. For example, the Logging system in a Downstream CDN may need to apply some degree of anonymization, obfuscation, or even the complete removal of some fields before exchanging log records containing details of End User deliveries with an Upstream CDN. Maintaining the security of the content itself, its associated metadata (including delivery policies), and the CDNs distributing and delivering it, are critical requirements for both CDN Providers and CSPs, and the CDN Interconnection interfaces must provide sufficient mechanisms to maintain the security of the overall system of interconnected CDNs as well as the information (content, metadata, logs, etc.) distributed and delivered through any set of interconnected CDNs.5.1. Security of the CDNI Control Interface
Information exchanged between interconnected CDNs over this interface is of a sensitive nature. A pair of CDNs use this interface to allow bootstrapping of all the other CDNI interfaces, possibly including establishment of the mechanisms for securing these interfaces. Therefore, corruption of that interface may result in corruption of all other interfaces. Using this interface, an Upstream CDN may pre-position or delete content or metadata in a Downstream CDN, a Downstream CDN may provide administrative information to an Upstream CDN, etc. All of these operations require that the peer CDNs are appropriately authenticated and that the confidentiality and integrity of information flowing between them can be ensured.5.2. Security of the CDNI Request Routing Interface
Appropriate levels of authentication and confidentiality must be used in this interface because it allows an Upstream CDN to query the Downstream CDN in order to redirect requests, and conversely, allows the Downstream CDN to influence the Upstream CDN's Request Routing function. In the absence of appropriate security on this interface, a rogue Upstream CDN could inundate Downstream CDNs with bogus requests or have the Downstream CDN send the rogue Upstream CDN private information. Also, a rogue Downstream CDN could influence the
Upstream CDN so the Upstream CDN redirects requests to the rogue Downstream CDN or another Downstream CDN in order to, for example, attract additional delivery revenue.5.3. Security of the CDNI Metadata Interface
This interface allows a Downstream CDN to request CDNI Metadata from an Upstream CDN, and therefore the Upstream CDN must ensure that the former is appropriately authenticated before sending the data. Conversely, a Downstream CDN must authenticate an Upstream CDN before requesting metadata to insulate itself from poisoning by rogue Upstream CDNs. The confidentiality and integrity of the information exchanged between the peers must be protected.5.4. Security of the CDNI Logging Interface
Logging data consists of potentially sensitive information (which End User accessed which media resource, IP addresses of End Users, potential names and subscriber account information, etc.). Confidentiality of this information must be protected as log records are moved between CDNs. This information may also be sensitive from the viewpoint that it can be the basis for charging across CDNs. Therefore, appropriate levels of protection are needed against corruption, duplication, and loss of this information.6. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Andre Beck, Gilles Bertrand, Mark Carlson, Bruce Davie, David Ferguson, Yiu Lee, Kent Leung, Will Li, Kevin Ma, Julien Maisonneuve, Guy Meador, Larry Peterson, Emile Stephan, Oskar van Deventer, Mahesh Viveganandhan, and Richard Woundy for their review comments and contributions to the text.
7. Informative References
[ALTO-CDN-USE-CASES] Niven-Jenkins, B., Ed., Watson, G., Bitar, N., Medved, J., and S. Previdi, "Use Cases for ALTO within CDNs", Work in Progress, June 2012. [ALTO-Charter] "IETF ALTO WG Charter", <http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/alto/charter/>. [CDNI-EXPERIMENTS] Bertrand, G., Ed., Le Faucheur, F., and L. Peterson, "Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Experiments", Work in Progress, February 2012. [CDNI-USE-CASES] Bertrand, G., Ed., Emile, S., Burbridge, T., Eardley, P., Ma, K., and G. Watson, "Use Cases for Content Delivery Network Interconnection", Work in Progress, August 2012. [DECADE-Charter] "IETF DECADE WG Charter", <http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/decade/charter/>. [P2PRG-CDNI] Davie, B. and F. Le Faucheur, "Interconnecting CDNs aka 'Peering Peer-to-Peer'", March 2010, <http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/77/slides/P2PRG-2.pdf>. [PPSP-Charter] "IETF PPSP WG Charter", <http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/ppsp/charter/>. [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [RFC3040] Cooper, I., Melve, I., and G. Tomlinson, "Internet Web Replication and Caching Taxonomy", RFC 3040, January 2001. [RFC3466] Day, M., Cain, B., Tomlinson, G., and P. Rzewski, "A Model for Content Internetworking (CDI)", RFC 3466, February 2003. [RFC3570] Rzewski, P., Day, M., and D. Gilletti, "Content Internetworking (CDI) Scenarios", RFC 3570, July 2003.
[RFC5023] Gregorio, J., Ed., and B. de hOra, Ed., "The Atom Publishing Protocol", RFC 5023, October 2007. [RFC5693] Seedorf, J. and E. Burger, "Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Problem Statement", RFC 5693, October 2009. [RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, March 2011. [RFC6390] Clark, A. and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Considering New Performance Metric Development", BCP 170, RFC 6390, October 2011. [TAXONOMY] Pathan, A. and R. Buyya, "A Taxonomy and Survey of Content Delivery Networks", 2007, <http://www.cloudbus.org/reports/CDN-Taxonomy.pdf>.
Appendix A. Design Considerations for Realizing the CDNI Interfaces
This section expands on how CDNI interfaces can reuse and leverage existing protocols before describing each CDNI interface individually and highlighting example candidate protocols that could be considered for reuse or leveraging to implement the CDNI interfaces. However, the options discussed here are purely examples and do not present any consensus on protocols to be used later on.A.1. CDNI Control Interface
The CDNI Control interface allows the Control system in interconnected CDNs to communicate. The exact inter-CDN control functionality required to be supported by the CDNI Control interface is less well defined than the other three CDNI interfaces at this time. However, as discussed in Section 3, the CDNI Control interface may be required to support functionality similar to the following: o Allow an Upstream CDN and Downstream CDN to establish, update, or terminate their CDNI interconnection. o Allow bootstrapping of the other CDNI interfaces (e.g., protocol address discovery and establishment of security associations). o Allow configuration of the other CDNI interfaces (e.g., Upstream CDN specifies information to be reported through the CDNI Logging interface). o Allow the Downstream CDN to communicate static information about its delivery capabilities, resources, and policies. o Allow bootstrapping of the interface between CDNs for content acquisition (even if that interface itself is outside the scope of the CDNI work). It is expected that for the Control interface, as for the other CDNI interfaces, existing protocols can be reused or leveraged. Those will be considered once the requirements for the Control interface have been refined.
A.2. CDNI Request Routing Interface
The CDNI Request Routing interface enables a Request Routing function in an Upstream CDN to query a Request Routing function in a Downstream CDN to determine if the Downstream CDN is able (and willing) to accept the delegated Content Request and to allow the Downstream CDN to control what the upstream Request Routing function should return to the User Agent in the redirection message. Therefore, the CDNI Request Routing interface needs to offer a mechanism for an Upstream CDN to issue a "Redirection Request" to a Downstream CDN. The Request Routing interface needs to be able to support scenarios where the initial User Agent request to the Upstream CDN is received over DNS as well as over a content-specific application protocol (e.g., HTTP, the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), the Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), etc.). Therefore, a Redirection Request is expected to contain information such as: o The protocol (e.g., DNS, HTTP) over which the Upstream CDN received the initial User Agent request. o Additional details of the User Agent request that are required to perform effective Request Routing by the Downstream CDN. For DNS, this would typically be the IP address of the DNS resolver making the request on behalf of the User Agent. For requests received over content-specific application protocols, the Redirection Request could contain significantly more information related to the original User Agent request but at a minimum is expected to include the User Agent's IP address, the equivalent of the HTTP Host header, and the equivalent of the HTTP abs_path as defined in [RFC2616]. It should be noted that the CDNI architecture needs to consider that a Downstream CDN may receive requests from User Agents without first receiving a Redirection Request from an Upstream CDN for the corresponding User Agent request because, for example: o User Agents (or DNS resolvers) may cache DNS or application responses from Request Routers. o Responses to Redirection Requests over the Request Routing interface may be cacheable.
o Some CDNs may rely on simple coarse policies, e.g., CDN B agrees
to always serve CDN A's delegated redirection requests, in which
case the necessary redirection details are exchanged out of band
(of the CDNI interfaces), e.g., configured.
On receiving a Redirection Request, the Downstream CDN will use the
information provided in the request to determine if it is able (and
willing) to accept the delegated Content Request and needs to return
the result of its decision to the Upstream CDN.
Thus, a Redirection Response from the Downstream CDN is expected to
contain information such as:
o Status code indicating acceptance or rejection (possibly with
accompanying reasons).
o Information to allow redirection by the Upstream CDN. In the case
of DNS-based request routing, this is expected to include the
equivalent of a DNS record(s) (e.g., a CNAME) that the Upstream
CDN should return to the requesting DNS resolver. In the case of
application-based request routing, this is expected to include the
information necessary to construct the application-specific
redirection response(s) to return to the requesting User Agent.
For HTTP requests from User Agents, this could include a URI that
the Upstream CDN could return in an HTTP 3xx response.
The CDNI Request Routing interface is therefore a fairly
straightforward request/response interface and could be implemented
over any number of request/response protocols. For example, it may
be implemented as a WebService using one of the common WebServices
methodologies (XML-RPC, HTTP query to a known URI, etc.). This
removes the need for the CDNI working group to define a new protocol
for the request/response element of the CDNI Request Routing
interface. Thus, the CDNI working group would be left only with the
task of specifying:
o The recommended request/response protocol to use along with any
additional semantics and procedures that are specific to the CDNI
Request Routing interface (e.g., handling of malformed requests/
responses).
o The syntax (i.e., representation/encoding) of the redirection
requests and responses.
o The semantics (i.e., meaning and expected contents) of the
redirection requests and responses.
Additionally, as discussed in Section 3, the CDNI Request Routing interface is also expected to enable a Downstream CDN to provide to the Upstream CDN (static or dynamic) information (e.g., resources, footprint, load) to facilitate selection of the Downstream CDN by the Upstream CDN Request Routing system when processing subsequent Content Requests from User Agents. It is expected that such functionality of the CDNI request routing could be specified by the CDNI working group with significant leveraging of existing IETF protocols supporting the dynamic distribution of reachability information (for example, by leveraging existing routing protocols) or supporting application-level queries for topological information (for example, by leveraging ALTO).A.3. CDNI Metadata Interface
The CDNI Metadata interface enables the Distribution system in a Downstream CDN to obtain CDNI Metadata from an Upstream CDN so that the Downstream CDN can properly process and respond to: o Redirection Requests received over the CDNI Request Routing interface. o Content Requests received directly from User Agents. The CDNI Metadata interface needs to offer a mechanism for an Upstream CDN to: o Distribute/update/remove CDNI Metadata to a Downstream CDN. and/or to allow a Downstream CDN to: o Make direct requests for CDNI Metadata objects. o Make recursive requests for CDNI Metadata -- for example, to enable a Downstream CDN to walk down a tree of objects with inter-object relationships. The CDNI Metadata interface is therefore similar to the CDNI Request Routing interface because it is a request/response interface with the potential addition that CDNI Metadata search may have more complex semantics than a straightforward Request Routing redirection request. Therefore, like the CDNI Request Routing interface, the CDNI Metadata interface may be implemented as a WebService using one of the common WebServices methodologies (XML-RPC, HTTP query to a known URI, etc.) or possibly using other existing protocols such as XMPP [RFC6120]. This removes the need for the CDNI working group to define a new protocol for the request/response element of the CDNI Metadata interface.
Thus, the CDNI working group would be left only with the task of
specifying:
o The recommended request/response protocol to use along with any
additional semantics that are specific to the CDNI Metadata
interface (e.g., handling of malformed requests/responses).
o The syntax (i.e., representation/encoding) of the CDNI Metadata
objects that will be exchanged over the interface.
o The semantics (i.e., meaning and expected contents) of the
individual properties of a Metadata object.
o How the relationships between different CDNI Metadata objects are
represented.
A.4. CDNI Logging Interface
The CDNI Logging interface enables details of content distribution
and delivery activities to be exchanged between interconnected CDNs,
such as log records related to the delivery of content (similar to
the log records recorded in a web server's access log).
Within CDNs today, log records are used for a variety of purposes.
Specifically, CDNs use logs to generate Call Data Records (CDRs) for
passing to billing and payment systems and to real-time (and near
real-time) analytics systems. Such applications place requirements
on the CDNI Logging interface to support guaranteed and timely
delivery of log messages between interconnected CDNs. It may also be
necessary to be able to prove the integrity of received log messages.
Several protocols already exist that could potentially be used to
exchange CDNI logs between interconnected CDNs, including SNMP traps,
syslog, FTP, HTTP POST, etc., although it is likely that some of the
candidate protocols may not be well suited to meet all the
requirements of CDNI. For example, SNMP traps pose scalability
concerns, and SNMP does not support guaranteed delivery of traps and
therefore could result in log records being lost and the consequent
CDRs and billing records for that content delivery not being
produced, as well as that content delivery being invisible to any
analytics platforms.
Although it is not necessary to define a new protocol for exchanging
logs across the CDNI Logging interface, the CDNI working group would
still need to specify:
o The recommended protocol to use.
o A default set of log fields and of their syntax and semantics.
Today there is no standard set of common log fields across
different content delivery protocols, and in some cases there is
not even a standard set of log field names and values for
different implementations of the same delivery protocol.
o A default set of conditions that trigger log records to be
generated.
Appendix B. Additional Material
This section records related information that was produced as part of
defining the CDNI problem statement.
B.1. Non-Goals for IETF
Listed below are aspects of content delivery that the authors propose
be kept outside of the scope of the CDNI working group:
o The interface between the Content Service Provider and the
Authoritative CDN (i.e., the Upstream CDN contracted by the CSP
for delivery by this CDN or by its Downstream CDNs).
o The delivery interface between the delivering CDN Surrogate and
the User Agent, such as streaming protocols.
o The request interface between the User Agent and the Request
Routing system of a given CDN. Existing IETF protocols (e.g.,
HTTP, RTSP, DNS) are commonly used by User Agents to request
content from a CDN and by CDN Request Routing systems to redirect
the User Agent requests. The CDNI working group need not define
new protocols for this purpose. Note, however, that the CDNI
control plane interface may indirectly affect some of the
information exchanged through the request interface (e.g., URI).
o The content acquisition interface between CDNs (i.e., the data
plane interface for actual delivery of a piece of content from one
CDN to the other). This is expected to use existing protocols
such as HTTP or protocols defined in other forums for content
acquisition between an origin server and a CDN (e.g., HTTP-based
C2 reference point of the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry
Solutions IPTV Interoperability Forum Content on Demand service
(ATIS IIF CoD)). The CDN Interconnection problem space described
in this document may therefore only concern itself with the
agreement/negotiation aspects of which content acquisition
protocol is to be used between two interconnected CDNs in view of
facilitating interoperability.
o End User/User Agent Authentication. End User/User Agent
authentication and authorization are the responsibility of the
Content Service Provider.
o Content preparation, including encoding and transcoding. The CDNI
architecture aims at allowing distribution across interconnected
CDNs of content treated as opaque objects. Interpretation and
processing of the objects, as well as optimized delivery of these
objects by the Surrogate to the End User, are outside the scope of
CDNI.
o Digital Rights Management (DRM). DRM is an end-to-end issue
between a content protection system and the User Agent.
o Applications consuming CDNI logs (e.g., charging, analytics,
reporting, ...).
o Internal CDN interfaces and protocols (i.e., interfaces and
protocols within one CDN).
o Scalability of individual CDNs. While scalability of the CDNI
interfaces/approach is in scope, how an individual CDN scales is
out of scope.
o Actual algorithms for selection of CDNs or Surrogates by Request
Routing systems (however, some specific parameters required as
input to these algorithms may be in scope when they need to be
communicated across CDNs).
o Surrogate algorithms. For example, caching algorithms and content
acquisition methods are outside the scope of the CDNI work.
Content management (e.g., Content Deletion) as it relates to CDNI
content management policies is in scope, but the internal
algorithms used by a cache to determine when to no longer cache an
item of Content (in the absence of any specific metadata to the
contrary) is out of scope.
o Element management interfaces.
o Commercial, business, and legal aspects related to the
interconnections of CDNs.
B.2. Relationship to Relevant IETF Working Groups and IRTF Research Groups
B.2.1. ALTO WG
As stated in the ALTO working group charter [ALTO-Charter]: The Working Group will design and specify an Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) service that will provide applications with information to perform better-than-random initial peer selection. ALTO services may take different approaches at balancing factors such as maximum bandwidth, minimum cross-domain traffic, lowest cost to the user, etc. The working group will consider the needs of BitTorrent, tracker-less P2P, and other applications, such as content delivery networks (CDN) and mirror selection. In particular, the ALTO service can be used by a CDN Request Routing system to improve its selection of a CDN Surrogate to serve a particular User Agent request (or to serve a request from another Surrogate). [ALTO-CDN-USE-CASES] describes a number of use cases for a CDN to be able to obtain network topology and cost information from an ALTO server(s) and discusses how CDN Request Routing could be used as an integration point of ALTO into CDNs. It is possible that the ALTO service could be used in the same manner in a multi-CDN environment based on CDN Interconnection. For example, an Upstream CDN may take advantage of the ALTO service in its decision for selecting a Downstream CDN to which a user request should be delegated. However, the current work of ALTO is complementary to and does not overlap with the work described in this document because the integration between ALTO and a CDN is an internal decision for a specific CDN and is therefore out of scope for the CDNI working group. One area for further study is whether additional information should be provided by an ALTO service to facilitate CDNI CDN selection.B.2.2. DECADE WG
The DECADE working group [DECADE-Charter] is addressing the problem of reducing traffic on the last-mile uplink, as well as backbone and transit links caused by peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming and file-sharing applications. It addresses the problem by enabling an application endpoint to make content available from an in-network storage service and by enabling other application endpoints to retrieve the content from there.
Exchanging data through the in-network storage service in this
manner, instead of through direct communication, provides significant
gain where:
o The network capacity/bandwidth from the in-network storage service
to the application endpoint significantly exceeds the capacity/
bandwidth from application endpoint to application endpoint (e.g.,
because of an end-user uplink bottleneck); and
o The content is to be accessed by multiple instances of application
endpoints (e.g., as is typically the case for P2P applications).
While, as is the case for any other data distribution application,
the DECADE architecture and mechanisms could potentially be used for
exchange of CDNI control plane information via an in-network storage
service (as opposed to directly between the entities terminating the
CDNI interfaces in the neighbor CDNs), we observe that:
o CDNI would operate as a "Content Distribution Application" from
the DECADE viewpoint (i.e., would operate on top of DECADE).
o There do not seem to be obvious benefits in integrating the DECADE
control plane responsible for signaling information relating to
control of the in-network storage service itself, and the CDNI
control plane responsible for application-specific CDNI
interactions (such as exchange of CDNI Metadata, CDNI request
redirection, and transfer of CDNI logging information).
o There would typically be limited benefits in making use of a
DECADE in-network storage service because the CDNI interfaces are
expected to be terminated by a very small number of CDNI clients
(if not one) in each CDN, and the CDNI clients are expected to
benefit from high bandwidth/capacity when communicating directly
to each other (at least as high as if they were communicating via
an in-network storage server).
The DECADE in-network storage architecture and mechanisms may
theoretically be used for the acquisition of the content objects
themselves between interconnected CDNs. It is not expected that this
would have obvious benefits in typical situations where a content
object is acquired only once from an Upstream CDN to a Downstream CDN
(and then distributed as needed inside the Downstream CDN). But it
might have benefits in some particular situations. Since the
acquisition protocol between CDNs is outside the scope of the CDNI
work, this question is left for further study.
The DECADE in-network storage architecture and mechanisms may potentially also be used within a given CDN for the distribution of the content objects themselves among Surrogates of that CDN. Since the CDNI work does not concern itself with operation within a CDN, this question is left for further study. Therefore, the work of DECADE may be complementary to, but does not overlap with, the CDNI work described in this document.B.2.3. PPSP WG
As stated in the PPSP working group charter [PPSP-Charter]: The Peer-to-Peer Streaming Protocol (PPSP) working group develops two signaling and control protocols for a peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming system for transmitting live and time-shifted media content with near real-time delivery requirements... ... The PPSP working group designs a protocol for signaling and control between trackers and peers (the PPSP "tracker protocol") and a signaling and control protocol for communication among the peers (the PPSP "peer protocol"). The two protocols enable peers to receive streaming data within the time constraints required by specific content items. Therefore, PPSP is concerned with the distribution of the streamed content itself along with the necessary signaling and control required to distribute the content. As such, it could potentially be used for the acquisition of streamed content across interconnected CDNs. But since the acquisition protocol is outside the scope of the work proposed for CDNI, we leave this for further study. Also, because of its streaming nature, PPSP is not seen as applicable to the distribution and control of the CDNI control plane and CDNI data representations. Therefore, the work of PPSP may be complementary to, but does not overlap with, the work described in this document for CDNI.B.2.4. IRTF P2P Research Group
Some information on CDN Interconnection motivations and technical issues were presented in the P2P research group at IETF 77. The presentation can be found in [P2PRG-CDNI].
Authors' Addresses
Ben Niven-Jenkins Velocix (Alcatel-Lucent) 326 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG UK EMail: ben@velocix.com Francois Le Faucheur Cisco Systems Greenside, 400 Avenue de Roumanille Sophia Antipolis 06410 France Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 19 EMail: flefauch@cisco.com Nabil Bitar Verizon 60 Sylvan Road Waltham, MA 02145 USA EMail: nabil.n.bitar@verizon.com