RFC 6151
Updated Security Considerations for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Turner Request for Comments: 6151 IECA Updates: 1321, 2104 L. Chen Category: Informational NIST ISSN: 2070-1721 March 2011 Updated Security Considerations for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 AlgorithmsAbstract
This document updates the security considerations for the MD5 message digest algorithm. It also updates the security considerations for HMAC-MD5. Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6151. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
1. Introduction
MD5 [MD5] is a message digest algorithm that takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. The published attacks against MD5 show that it is not prudent to use MD5 when collision resistance is required. This document replaces the security considerations in RFC 1321 [MD5]. [HMAC] defined a mechanism for message authentication using cryptographic hash functions. Any message digest algorithm can be used, but the cryptographic strength of HMAC depends on the properties of the underlying hash function. [HMAC-MD5] defined test cases for HMAC-MD5. This document updates the security considerations in [HMAC], which [HMAC-MD5] points to for its security considerations. [HASH-Attack] summarizes the use of hashes in many protocols and discusses how attacks against a message digest algorithm's one-way and collision-free properties affect and do not affect Internet protocols. Familiarity with [HASH-Attack] is assumed. One of the uses of message digest algorithms in [HASH-Attack] was integrity protection. Where the MD5 checksum is used inline with the protocol solely to protect against errors, an MD5 checksum is still an acceptable use. Applications and protocols need to clearly state in their security considerations what security services, if any, are expected from the MD5 checksum. In fact, any application and protocol that employs MD5 for any purpose needs to clearly state the expected security services from their use of MD5.2. Security Considerations
MD5 was published in 1992 as an Informational RFC. Since that time, MD5 has been extensively studied and new cryptographic attacks have been discovered. Message digest algorithms are designed to provide collision, pre-image, and second pre-image resistance. In addition, message digest algorithms are used with a shared secret value for message authentication in HMAC, and in this context, some people may find the guidance for key lengths and algorithm strengths in [SP800-57] and [SP800-131] useful. MD5 is no longer acceptable where collision resistance is required such as digital signatures. It is not urgent to stop using MD5 in other ways, such as HMAC-MD5; however, since MD5 must not be used for digital signatures, new protocol designs should not employ HMAC-MD5. Alternatives to HMAC-MD5 include HMAC-SHA256 [HMAC] [HMAC-SHA256] and [AES-CMAC] when AES is more readily available than a hash function.
2.1. Collision Resistance
Pseudo-collisions for the compress function of MD5 were first described in 1993 [denBBO1993]. In 1996, [DOB1995] demonstrated a collision pair for the MD5 compression function with a chosen initial value. The first paper that demonstrated two collision pairs for MD5 was published in 2004 [WFLY2004]. The detailed attack techniques for MD5 were published at EUROCRYPT 2005 [WAYU2005]. Since then, a lot of research results have been published to improve collision attacks on MD5. The attacks presented in [KLIM2006] can find MD5 collision in about one minute on a standard notebook PC (Intel Pentium, 1.6GHz). [STEV2007] claims that it takes 10 seconds or less on a 2.6Ghz Pentium4 to find collisions. In [STEV2007], [SLdeW2007], [SSALMOdeW2009], and [SLdeW2009], the collision attacks on MD5 were successfully applied to X.509 certificates. Notice that the collision attack on MD5 can also be applied to password-based challenge-and-response authentication protocols such as the APOP (Authenticated Post Office Protocol) option in POP [POP] used in post office authentication as presented in [LEUR2007]. In fact, more delicate attacks on MD5 to improve the speed of finding collisions have been published recently. However, the aforementioned results have provided sufficient reason to eliminate MD5 usage in applications where collision resistance is required such as digital signatures.2.2. Pre-Image and Second Pre-Image Resistance
Even though the best result can find a pre-image attack of MD5 faster than exhaustive search, as presented in [SAAO2009], the complexity 2^123.4 is still pretty high.2.3. HMAC
The cryptanalysis of HMAC-MD5 is usually conducted together with NMAC (Nested MAC) since they are closely related. NMAC uses two independent keys K1 and K2 such that NMAC(K1, K2, M) = H(K1, H(K2, M), where K1 and K2 are used as secret initialization vectors (IVs) for hash function H(IV, M). If we re-write the HMAC equation using two secret IVs such that IV2 = H(K Xor ipad) and IV1 = H(K Xor opad), then HMAC(K, M) = NMAC(IV1, IV2, M). Here it is very important to notice that IV1 and IV2 are not independently selected. The first analysis was explored on NMAC-MD5 using related keys in [COYI2006]. The partial key recovery attack cannot be extended to HMAC-MD5, since for HMAC, recovering partial secret IVs can hardly lead to recovering (partial) key K. Another paper presented at
Crypto 2007 [FLN2007] extended results of [COYI2006] to a full key recovery attack on NMAC-MD5. Since it also uses related key attack, it does not seem applicable to HMAC-MD5. A EUROCRYPT 2009 paper presented a distinguishing attack on HMAC-MD5 [WYWZZ2009] without using related keys. It can distinguish an instantiation of HMAC with MD5 from an instantiation with a random function with 2^97 queries with probability 0.87. This is called distinguishing-H. Using the distinguishing attack, it can recover some bits of the intermediate status of the second block. However, as it is pointed out in [WYWZZ2009], it cannot be used to recover the (partial) inner key H(K Xor ipad). It is not obvious how the attack can be used to form a forgery attack either. The attacks on HMAC-MD5 do not seem to indicate a practical vulnerability when used as a message authentication code. Considering that the distinguishing-H attack is different from a distinguishing-R attack, which distinguishes an HMAC from a random function, the practical impact on HMAC usage as a pseudorandom function (PRF) such as in a key derivation function is not well understood. Therefore, it may not be urgent to remove HMAC-MD5 from the existing protocols. However, since MD5 must not be used for digital signatures, for a new protocol design, a ciphersuite with HMAC-MD5 should not be included. Options include HMAC-SHA256 [HMAC] [HMAC-SHA256] and [AES-CMAC] when AES is more readily available than a hash function.3. Acknowledgements
Obviously, we have to thank all the cryptographers who produced the results we refer to in this document. We'd also like to thank Wesley Eddy, Sam Hartman, Alfred Hoenes, Martin Rex, Benne de Weger, and Lloyd Wood for their comments.4. Informative References
[AES-CMAC] Song, JH., Poovendran, R., Lee, J., and T. Iwata, "The AES-CMAC Algorithm", RFC 4493, June 2006. [COYI2006] S. Contini, Y.L. Yin. Forgery and partial key-recovery attacks on HMAC and NMAC using hash collisions. ASIACRYPT 2006. LNCS 4284, Springer, 2006. [denBBO1993] den Boer, B. and A. Bosselaers, "Collisions for the compression function of MD5", Eurocrypt 1993.
[DOB1995] Dobbertin, H., "Cryptanalysis of MD5 Compress", Eurocrypt 1996. [FLN2007] Fouque, P.-A., Leurent, G., Nguyen, P.Q.: Full key- recovery attacks on HMAC/NMAC-MD4 and NMAC-MD5. CRYPTO 2007. LNCS 4622, Springer, 2007. [HASH-Attack] Hoffman, P. and B. Schneier, "Attacks on Cryptographic Hashes in Internet Protocols", RFC 4270, November 2005. [HMAC] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997. [HMAC-MD5] Cheng, P. and R. Glenn, "Test Cases for HMAC-MD5 and HMAC-SHA-1", RFC 2202, September 1997. [HMAC-SHA256] Nystrom, M., "Identifiers and Test Vectors for HMAC- SHA-224, HMAC-SHA-256, HMAC-SHA-384, and HMAC-SHA-512", RFC 4231, December 2005. [KLIM2006] V. Klima. Tunnels in Hash Functions: MD5 Collisions within a Minute. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2006/105 (2006), http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/105. [LEUR2007] G. Leurent, Message freedom in MD4 and MD5 collisions: Application to APOP. Proceedings of FSE 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4715. Springer, 2007. [MD5] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, April 1992. [POP] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol - Version 3", STD 53, RFC 1939, May 1996. [SAAO2009] Y. Sasaki and K. Aoki. Finding preimages in full MD5 faster than exhaustive search. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2009, LNCS 5479 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 2009. [SLdeW2007] Stevens, M., Lenstra, A., de Weger, B., Chosen-prefix Collisions for MD5 and Colliding X.509 Certificates for Different Identities. EuroCrypt 2007. [SLdeW2009] Stevens, M., Lenstra, A., de Weger, B., "Chosen-prefix Collisions for MD5 and Applications", Journal of Cryptology, 2009.
[SSALMOdeW2009] Stevens, M., Sotirov, A., Appelbaum, J., Lenstra, A., Molnar, D., Osvik, D., and B. de Weger. Short chosen- prefix collisions for MD5 and the creation of a rogue CA certificate, Crypto 2009. [SP800-57] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Special Publication 800-57: Recommendation for Key Management - Part 1 (Revised), March 2007. [SP800-131] National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Special Publication 800-131: DRAFT Recommendation for the Transitioning of Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes, June 2010. [STEV2007] Stevens, M., "On Collisions for MD5", Master's Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, http://www.win.tue.nl/hashclash/ On%20Collisions%20for%20MD5%20-%20M.M.J.%20Stevens.pdf. [WAYU2005] X. Wang and H. Yu. How to Break MD5 and other Hash Functions. LNCS 3494. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT2005, Springer, 2005. [WFLY2004] X. Wang, D. Feng, X. Lai, H. Yu, Collisions for Hash Functions MD4, MD5, HAVAL-128 and RIPEMD, 2004, http://eprint.iacr.org/2004/199.pdf [WYWZZ2009] X. Wang, H. Yu, W. Wang, H. Zhang, and T. Zhan. Cryptanalysis of HMAC/NMAC-MD5 and MD5-MAC. LNCS 5479. Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT2009, Springer, 2009.
Authors' Addresses
Sean Turner IECA, Inc. 3057 Nutley Street, Suite 106 Fairfax, VA 22031 USA EMail: turners@ieca.com Lily Chen National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8930 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 USA EMail: lily.chen@nist.gov