Network Working Group                                          D. Singer
Request for Comments: 5484                           Apple Computer Inc.
Category: Standards Track                                     March 2009


                Associating Time-Codes with RTP Streams

Status of This Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of
   publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.

Abstract

   This document describes a mechanism for associating time-codes, as
   defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
   (SMPTE), with media streams in a way that is independent of the RTP
   payload format of the media stream itself.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction ....................................................2
   2. Requirements Notation ...........................................3
   3. Design Goals ....................................................3
   4. Requirements and Constraints ....................................4
   5. Signaling Information ...........................................4
   6. In-Stream Information ...........................................6
      6.1. Compact Format of the Time-Code ............................6
      6.2. Full Format of the Time-Code ...............................7
      6.3. Associations in RTCP .......................................8
      6.4. Associations in RTP ........................................9
   7. Implementation Note (Informative) ..............................10
   8. Discussion (Informative) .......................................10
   9. Security Considerations ........................................11
   10. IANA Considerations ...........................................11
   11. Acknowledgments ...............................................12
   12. References ....................................................12
      12.1. Normative References .....................................12
      12.2. Informative References ...................................12

1.  Introduction

   First a brief background on time-codes [SMPTE-12M].

   The time-code system in common use is defined by the Society of
   Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE); in it, time-codes
   count frames.  A common form of the display looks like a normal clock
   value (hh:mm:ss.frame).  When the frame rate is truly integral, then
   this can be a normal clock value, in that seconds tick by at the same
   rate as the seconds we know and love.

   However, NTSC video infamously runs slightly slower than 30 frames
   per second (fps).  Some people call it 29.97, which isn't quite
   right; to be accurate, a frame takes 1001 ticks of a 30000 tick/
   second clock.  Be that as it may, SMPTE time-codes count 30 of these
   frames and deem that to make a second.

   This causes an SMPTE time-code display to 'run slow' compared to
   real-time.  To ameliorate this, sometimes a format called drop-frame
   is used.  Some of the frame numbers are skipped, so that the counter
   periodically 'catches up' (so some time-code seconds actually only
   have 28 frames in them).

   It is worth noting that in neither case is the SMPTE time-code an
   accurate clock; in the first case, it runs slow, and in the second,
   the adjustments are abrupt and periodic -- and still not quite
   accurate.  Hence the rest of this document tries to be clear when
   referring to a second in a time-code as a 'time-code second'.

   However, SMPTE time-codes do run in real-time when used with systems
   with integral fps (e.g., film content at 24 fps or PAL video).

   This specification defines how to carry time-codes in RTP and RTCP
   (RTP Control Protocol), associate them with a media stream, and
   synchronize them with the RTP timestamps.  It uses the general RTP
   header extension mechanism [RFC5285].

2.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Design Goals

   What we desire is a system that allows us to associate an SMPTE time-
   code with some media in an RTP [RFC3550] stream.  Since in RTP all
   media has a clock already, we can often leverage that fact.  If we
   treat the media as having 'segments' of time in which the time-code
   is simply counting up, then the time-code anywhere within a segment
   can be calculated if you know:

   o  the RTP timestamp of the start of the segment;

   o  the time-code of the start of the segment;

   o  the counting rate and other parameters of the time-code;

   o  the RTP timestamp where you want to know the time-code.

   There are two cases to consider:

   1.  the time-codes are piece-wise continuous with only occasional
       discontinuities;

   2.  the continuity of the time-codes is not certain (or not known).

   The first can be handled by providing details of the time-code axis
   and an initial mapping from RTP time to time-code time as well as
   periodic mappings in RTCP packets.  This is defined in Section 6.3.

   The second requires in-band signaling within the RTP packets
   themselves.  This is defined in Section 6.4.

   There are applications where the transport of all 8 bytes of the
   SMPTE 12M time-code are important (e.g., when the date of the time-
   code must be known or when the RTP transport is used as a transparent
   pipe).  On the other hand, there are cases (e.g., when time-codes are
   used with compressed audio) when bandwidth is also important.  To
   support both use cases, provision is made for both compact and full
   forms of the time-code.

4.  Requirements and Constraints

   Receivers MUST support time-codes in both RTCP and RTP as well as
   both forms (compact and full) of the time-code.  Senders, of course,
   are free to choose.

   Note that the compact form allows frame numbers greater than the full
   form (a field of 6 bits vs. a full binary-coded decimal (BCD) digit
   and a 2-bit BCD digit, which gives a maximum transmitted value of
   29).  In some cases, the color frame flag (bit 11) is used to
   'extend' the "tens of frames" field from 2 to 3 bits; however, such
   practices are outside the scope of this specification.

   In the case that a presentation contains more than one stream,
   senders MUST continue to send the standard RTP synchronization
   information in RTCP, even if the streams carry SMPTE time-codes that
   could be used for synchronization.  In fact, when time-codes are
   carried by more than one stream, this document does not constrain the
   time-codes: at a given point in time, they may be the same, or they
   may differ (e.g., if they carry the original time-codes of different
   source material that was edited together).

5.  Signaling Information

   If the recipient must ever calculate time-codes based on the RTP
   times, then some setup information is needed.  This MUST be sent out-
   of-band -- for example, in a SIP offer/answer exchange [RFC3264].
   Since this specification is a general header extension [RFC5285],
   when the Session Description Protocol (SDP) is used, the 'extmap'
   attribute defined by the extension mechanism is also used.

   The setup information should include:

   1.  the duration, in the RTP timescale, of a single frame-count in
       the 'frames' portion of the time-code (frame_duration)

   2.  the number of those frames that make a time-code second
       (frames_per_tc_second); framecounter values may be between 0 and
       (frames_per_tc_second - 1)

   3.  the drop-frame indication, is-NTSC-drop-frame, which indicates
       whether the usual drop-frame behavior should be applied or not

   Note that other information we need to do the calculation (e.g., the
   clock rate of the RTP timestamp) is supplied already and assumed to
   be available.

   For example, if associated with a video stream with the common time-
   scale of 90000 ticks per second, then a frame_duration of 3003 and
   frames-per-tc-second of 30 would yield a 'normal' SMPTE time-code for
   NTSC video.  Similarly, values of 3750 and 24 yield a time-code for
   24 fps film content, and so on.

   Note also that we supply explicitly the frame duration and fps, even
   though they are obviously closely related.  This removes any
   ambiguity of what the counter values should be in the case of drop-
   frame counting.  These three values MUST correspond with each other.

   When the SDP is used, these three parameters are transmitted as
   extensionattributes, as defined in the header extension specification
   [RFC5285], with the following ABNF syntax [RFC5234].  The form of the
   extension attributes is 'owned' by the extension name.  These
   parameters to the extension do not need registration action beyond
   their documentation here.  Note that the parameters are supplied as
   extension attributes, suitable for in-line use in RTP, even if in a
   given stream only the RTCP mapping is used.

    digit = "0"/"1"/"2"/"3"/"4"/"5"/"6"/"7"/"8"/"9"

    integer = 1*digit

    frame-duration-length = integer

    timestamp-rate = integer

    frame-duration = frame-duration-length "@" timestamp-rate

    frames-per-tc-second = integer

    drop = "/drop"

    extensionattributes = frame-duration "/" frames-per-tc-second [drop]

   The frame duration is specified as a count of ticks of a clock that
   has timestamp-rate ticks per second.  It is recommended that the
   timestamp-rate be the same as the clock rate of the RTP stream in
   which the extension is embedded, to avoid the loss of accuracy in
   conversion of timestamps.  If the payload type changes during a
   stream, especially between payloads with different clock rates, it is
   strongly recommended that the header extension be included on the
   first packet(s) of the new payload, to set the mapping for the new
   clock rate explicitly.

   If '/drop' is specified, then the first two frame numbers are omitted
   from the count of each minute, except for minutes 00, 10, 20, 30, 40,
   and 50, as documented in Section 4.2.2 of SMPTE specification
   [SMPTE-12M].  (Note that this usually only applies to NTSC video.)

   The URI used for the signaling is

      "urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:smpte-tc".

   This URI signals the possible presence of associations in RTCP or
   RTP, as defined below.

   An example in the SDP, for film material, on a stream with a
   timescale of 600, might be:

     a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:smpte-tc 25@600/24

   Another example, for drop-frame NTSC, on a stream with a timescale of
   600, might be:

     a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:smpte-tc 20@600/30/drop

6.  In-Stream Information

6.1.  Compact Format of the Time-Code

   A compact binary SMPTE time-code in this design occupies 24 bits.  It
   is NOT formatted in the BCD system, but uses binary fixed-width
   fields.  It has the following structure:

   sign(1)  -- 1 for negative, 0 for positive

   hours (5 bits)  -- 0 to 23; the values 24-31 are reserved

   minutes (6 bits)  -- 0 to 59; 60-63 are reserved

   seconds (6 bits)  -- 0 to 59; 60-63 are reserved

   frames(6 bits)  -- 0 to (frames-per-tc-second - 1)

   Note that these fields are larger than the provision in SMPTE 12M,
   where BCD (binary-coded decimal) is used (and notably, where only two
   bits are provided for the tens digit of the frame-count, so frame
   numbers above 39 cannot be represented).

6.2.  Full Format of the Time-Code

   A full SMPTE time-code occupies 64 bits.  It is formatted exactly as
   defined in Sections 7 and 8 of SMPTE 12M [SMPTE-12M], without the
   16-bit syncword.  The value of the "drop frame flag" MUST agree with
   the use of the "drop" indicator in the signaling.

   Here are the bit assignments from SMPTE 12M, for information:

   0--3    Units of frames

   4--7    First binary group

   8--9    Tens of frames

   10      Drop frame flag

   11      Color frame flag

   12--15  Second binary group

   16--19  Units of seconds

   20--23  Third binary group

   24--26  Tens of seconds

   27      Polarity correction

   28--31  Fourth binary group

   32--35  Units of minutes

   36--39  Fifth binary group

   40--42  Tens of minutes

   43      Binary group flag BGF0

   44--47  Sixth binary group

   48--51  Units of hours

   52--55  Seventh binary group

   56--57  Tens of hours

   58      Binary group flag BGF1

   59      Binary group flag BGF2

   60--63  Eighth binary group

6.3.  Associations in RTCP

   When the time-codes are piece-wise continuous, we then supply in RTCP
   packets an RTP timestamp and an SMPTE time-code for the start of each
   run of calculable time-codes.  This establishes the time-code for all
   RTP times greater than or equal to the one given, until a subsequent
   RTCP packet reestablishes the mapping.

   Note that the RTP timestamp in the RTCP mapping may not match the
   timestamp of any frame in the media stream.  For video, it normally
   would; but a timestamp transition may happen part-way through a
   decoded audio frame.  Since they share the same clock, the timing of
   that transition and the timing of the audio stream itself have the
   same accuracy.

   The RTCP packets need not use the same RTP timestamp as the sender
   report (or transmission time) in the same RTCP packet.  They can be
   sent 'ahead of need' if possible (e.g., for stored content, when the
   server can look ahead) or 'just-in-time'.  For example, packets sent
   'just-in-time' may be sent as early feedback packets, following the
   rules in [RFC4585], after a discontinuity in the time-code is
   detected.  Such packets allow media-buffering in the client the
   chance to 'catch' the RTCP before the matching RTP packet is
   processed and displayed.

   The association is a new RTCP Control Packet Type, using the value
   194 (see Section 10).  This control packet has one of the two
   following forms, differentiated by its length.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|    SC   |PT=SMPTETC=194 |             length=3          |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |                     SSRC of packet sender                     |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |                         RTP timestamp                         |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |S|  hours  |  minutes  |  seconds  |  frames   |  reserved=0   |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+

                     Figure 1: RTCP Short Form Packet

   The fields S (sign), hours, minutes, seconds, and frames are defined
   in Section 6.1.

   For this short form, the length takes the fixed value 3, indicating a
   control packet of 4 32-bit words.

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |V=2|P|    SC   |PT=SMPTETC=194 |             length=4          |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |                     SSRC of packet sender                     |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |                         RTP timestamp                         |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
      |                          Full 8-byte                          |
      |                      SMPTE 12M time-code                      |
      +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+

                      Figure 2: RTCP Full Form Packet

   For this full time-code (long form), the length takes the fixed value
   4, indicating a control packet of 5 32-bit words.

6.4.  Associations in RTP

   When the time-codes are not known to be piece-wise continuous, or
   absolute surety of mapping is desired, then the mapping can be placed
   into some or all of the RTP packets.  This is a less desirable route;
   it uses the RTP header extension [RFC5285], which some terminals may
   find problematic.  And clearly placing mapping information in every
   packet uses more bandwidth.

   In as many RTP packets as needed (possibly all), an RTP header
   extension is used [RFC5285] to associate an RTP time to an SMPTE
   time-code.

   There are two forms of this header extension, again differentiated by
   their length.  The short form associates a compact time-code with the
   RTP timestamp of the packet.  The long form allows associates a full
   time-code with a timestamp offset from the RTP timestamp of the
   packet.

   The short form has a length of 3 bytes (24 bits).  The long form has
   a length of 12 bytes (96 bits) and consists of a full SMPTE 12M time-
   code, followed by a signed 32-bit offset D from the RTP timestamp.
   If the packet has timestamp T, this establishes an RTP to time-code
   association for the RTP time T+D.

7.  Implementation Note (Informative)

   This section contains a suggestion on how to calculate both a time-
   code for a time T2, given an initial code at time T1, and the frame
   duration.

   It might seem that when drop-frame is used, there is a 'fence post'
   problem: how many minutes in which frame-numbers are dropped have
   passed since the initial time-code?  However, this can be avoided if
   all calculations are 'zero-based'; then the number of 'fence posts'
   is known.

     framesSinceTCzero := TimeCodeToFrameCount( initialTimeCode );
     framesSinceMapping := floor( (T2-T1)/frameDuration );
     totalFrames := framesSinceTCzero + framesSinceMapping;
     timeCode := FrameCountToTimeCode( totalFrames );

   The SMPTE engineering guideline [SMPTE-EG40] contains all the
   appropriate equations, constants, etc. for performing these and other
   conversions.

8.  Discussion (Informative)

   This design has the advantage of not requiring the introduction of
   new IP packets into the sessions or new data into the main data
   channel by using low-bandwidth (vanishingly low in the case of
   streams with no discontinuities), and it is independent of the design
   of the RTP packets themselves: the RTP profile (including possibly
   encryption) and the RTP payload format.  SMPTE time-codes can be
   associated with any RTP stream, including those with existing payload
   formats.

   It might be argued that we could set the initial mapping also in the
   SDP, since RTCP packets might get lost.  But this means that the SDP
   now has to have knowledge of the RTP random offset, which is nasty;
   also, if one puts this RTCP packet into all sender reports, that's
   probably good enough.  Then if you don't have time-codes, you don't
   have audio-video-sync either.

   This specification associates the time-code with a particular media
   stream.  An alternative would be to make it an RTP stream in its own
   right; however, the data rate is so low, this seems egregious.  By
   packing it inline, we can do this backwards-compatible for gateways,
   etc., that already handle dual-stream.

   There is no way described in this document to detect that an RTCP
   packet has been lost and that a mapping may be being used outside its
   intended range.

   The design assumes that clients will hold mappings until they are
   superseded, and that a client may need to buffer some number of
   upcoming mappings.

9.  Security Considerations

   SMPTE time-codes are only informative and there are no known security
   considerations from associating them with media streams.

10.  IANA Considerations

   The RTCP packet type used for SMPTE time-codes has been registered,
   in accordance with Section 15 of [RFC3550].  IANA has added a new
   value to the RTCP Control Packet types sub-registry of the Real-Time
   Transport Protocol (RTP) Parameters registry, according to the
   following data:

   abbrev.    name                     value   Reference
   ---------  -----------------------  ------  ---------
   SMPTETC    SMPTE time-code mapping  194     RFC 5484

   Additionally, IANA has registered a new extension URI to the RTP
   Compact Header Extensions sub-registry of the Real-Time Transport
   Protocol (RTP) Parameters registry, according to the following data:

      Extension URI: urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:smpte-tc
      Description:   SMPTE time-code mapping
      Contact:       singer@apple.com
      Reference:     RFC 5484

11.  Acknowledgments

   Both Brian Link and John Lazzaro provided helpful comments on an
   initial draft.  Colin Perkins was helpful in reviewing and dealing
   with the details.  Ladan Gharai provided a thoughtful final review.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]     Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC3264]     Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer
                 Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)",
                 RFC 3264, June 2002.

   [RFC3550]     Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
                 Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
                 Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.

   [RFC4585]     Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J.
                 Rey, "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport
                 Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)",
                 RFC 4585, July 2006.

   [RFC5234]     Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
                 Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.

   [RFC5285]     Singer, D. and H. Desineni, "A General Mechanism for
                 RTP Header Extensions", RFC 5285, July 2008.

12.2.  Informative References

   [SMPTE-12M]   Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers,
                 "SMPTE Standard for Television -- Time and Control
                 Code", SMPTE 12M-1-2008.

   [SMPTE-EG40]  SMPTE, "Conversion of Time Values Between SMPTE 12M
                 Time Code, MPEG-2 PCR Time Base and Absolute Time",
                 SMPTE EG40-2002, August 2002.

Author's Address

   David Singer
   Apple Computer Inc.
   1 Infinite Loop
   Cupertino, CA  95014
   US

   Phone: +1 408 996 1010
   EMail: singer@apple.com