RFC 3752
Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) Use Cases and Deployment Scenarios
Pages: 14
Informational
Informational
Network Working Group A. Barbir Request for Comments: 3752 Nortel Networks Category: Informational E. Burger Brooktrout Technology, Inc. R. Chen AT&T Labs S. McHenry Individual Contributor H. Orman Purple Streak Development R. Penno Nortel Networks April 2004 Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) Use Cases and Deployment Scenarios Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.Abstract
This memo provides a discussion of use cases and deployment scenarios for Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES). The work examines services that could be performed to requests and/or responses.Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Types of OPES services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. Services performed on requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1.1. Services intending to modify requests . . . . . 3 2.1.2. Services *not* intending to modify requests . . 4 2.2. Services performed on responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2.1. Services intending to modify responses . . . . . 4 2.2.2. Services *not* intending to modify responses . . 5 2.3. Services creating responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. OPES deployment scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1. Surrogate Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2. Delegate Overlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Enterprise environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4. Callout Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5. Chaining of OPES data filters and callout servers . . . 9
3.5.1. Chaining along the content path. . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.2. Chaining along the callout path. . . . . . . . . 9
4. Failure cases and service notification . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
The Open Pluggable Edge Services (OPES) [1] architecture enables
cooperative application services (OPES services) between a data
provider, a data consumer, and zero or more OPES processors. The
application services under consideration analyze and possibly
transform application-level messages exchanged between the data
provider and the data consumer. The execution of such services is
governed by a set of filtering rules installed on the OPES processor.
The rules enforcement can trigger the execution of service
applications local to the OPES processor. Alternatively, the OPES
processor can distribute the responsibility of service execution by
communicating and collaborating with one or more remote callout [6]
servers.
The document presents examples of services in which Open Pluggable
Edge Services (OPES) would be useful. There are different types of
OPES services: services that modify requests, services that modify
responses, and a special case of the latter, services that create
responses.
The work also examines various deployment scenarios of OPES services.
The two main deployment scenarios, as described by the OPES
architecture [1], are surrogate overlays and delegate overlays.
Surrogate overlays act on behalf of data provider applications, while
delegate overlays act on behalf of data consumer applications. The
document also describes combined surrogate and delegate overlays, as
one might find within an enterprise deployment.
The document is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the various
types of OPES services. Section 3 introduces OPES deployment
scenarios. Section 4 discusses failure cases and service
notification. Section 5 discusses security considerations.
The IAB has expressed architectural and policy concerns [2] about OPES. Other OPES documents that may be relevant are, "OPES Service Authorization and Enforcement Requirements" [5]. See references [3, 4] for recommended background reading.2. Types of OPES services
OPES scenarios involve services that can be performed on requests for data and/or responses. OPES services can be classified into three categories: services performed on requests, services performed on responses, and services creating responses. In Figure 1, the four service activation points for an OPES processor are depicted. The data dispatcher examines OPES rules, enforces policies, and invokes service applications (if applicable) at each service activation point. +------------------------------------------------+ | +-------------+-------------+ | | | Service Application | | | +---------------------------+ | Responses | Data Dispatcher | Responses <============4== +---------------------------+ <=3=========== Requests | HTTP | Requests =============1=> +---------------------------+ ==2==========> | OPES Processor | +------------------------------------------------+ Figure 1: Service Activation Points2.1. Services performed on requests
An OPES service performed on HTTP requests may occur when a request arrives at an OPES processor (point 1) or when it is about to leave the OPES processor (point 2). The services performed on requests can further be divided into two cases: those that intend to modify requests and those that do not.2.1.1. Services intending to modify requests
An OPES processor may modify a service request on behalf of the data consumer for various reasons, such as: o Owner of a Web access device might need control over what kind of Web content can be accessed with the device, parental control for example. o Organization may restrict or redirect access to certain web
services based on various criteria such as time of the day or the
employee access privileges.
o Hiding the data consumer's identity, user agent, or referrer.
o Adding user preferences or device profile to the service request
to get personalized or adapted services.
o Blocking or redirecting a service request due to a corporate
policy.
An OPES processor may also modify a service request on behalf of the
data provider in several ways, such as:
o Redirecting the request to a different server to reduce the server
work load.
o Redirecting image requests to improve access time.
2.1.2. Services *not* intending to modify requests
An OPES processor may invoke useful service applications that do not
modify the user requests. Examples include:
o Administrative functions for the data provider, such as service
monitoring or usage tracking for billing purposes.
o Useful services for the data consumer, such as user profiling
(with the user's consent) for service adaptation later on.
2.2. Services performed on responses
An OPES service performed on HTTP responses may occur when a response
arrives at an OPES processor (point 3) or when it is about to leave
the OPES processor (point 4). In the case of a caching proxy, the
former service may be an encoding operation before the content is
stored in the cache, while the latter may be a decoding operation
before the content is returned to the data consumer.
The services performed on responses can further be divided into two
cases: those that intend to modify responses and those that do not.
2.2.1. Services intending to modify responses
There are several reasons why responses from the data providers might
be modified before delivery to the data consumer:
o Content adaptation: the data provider may not have all the device
profiles and templates necessary to transcode the original content
into a format appropriate for mobile devices of limited screen
size and display capabilities.
o Language translation: the data provider may not have all the
translation capabilities needed to deliver the same content in
multiple languages to various areas around the world. An OPES
processor may perform the language translation or it may invoke
different callout servers to perform different language
translation tasks.
2.2.2. Services *not* intending to modify responses
An OPES service may be performed on the responses without modifying
them. Examples include:
o Logging/Monitoring: Each response may be examined and recorded for
monitoring or debugging purposes.
o Accounting: An OPES processor may record the usage data (time and
space) of each service request for billing purposes.
2.3. Services creating responses
Services creating responses may include OPES services that
dynamically assemble web pages based on the context of the data
consumer application.
Consider a content provider offering web pages that include a local
weather forecast based on the requestor's preferences. The OPES
service could analyze received requests, identify associated user
preferences, select appropriate templates, insert the corresponding
local weather forecasts, and would then deliver the content to the
requestor. Note that the OPES processor may perform the tasks with
or without direct access to the weather data. For example, the
service could use locally cached weather data or it could simply
embed a URL pointing to another server that holds the latest local
weather forecast information.
3. OPES deployment scenarios
OPES entities can be deployed over an overlay network that supports
the provisioning of data services in a distributed manner. Overlay
networks are an abstraction that creates a virtual network of
connected devices layered on an existing underlying IP networks in
order to perform application level services.
The use of overlay networks creates virtual networks that via OPES
entities enables the necessary network infrastructure to provide better services for data consumer and provider applications. At the application level, the resulting overlay networks are termed OPES Services Networks. There are two parties that are interested in the services that are offered by OPES entities, the delegate and the surrogate. Delegates are authorized agents that act on behalf of data consumers. Surrogates are authorized agents that act on behalf of data providers. All parties that are involved in enforcing policies must communicate the policies to the parties that are involved. These parties are trusted to adhere to the communicated policies. In order to delegate fine-grained trust, the parties must convey policy information by implicit contract, by a setup protocol, by a dynamic negotiation protocol, or in-line with application data headers.3.1. Surrogate Overlays
A surrogate overlay is a specific type of OPES service network, which is delegated the authority to provide data services on behalf of one or more origin servers. Such services include, but are not limited to, dynamic assembling of web pages, watermarking, and content adaptation. The elements of surrogate overlays act on behalf of origin severs and logically belong to the authoritative domain of the respective origin servers. The scenario is depicted in Figure 2.
********************************************* * * * +--------+ Authoritative * * | Origin | Domain * * | Server | * * +--------+ +------------+ * * | | OPES Admin | * * | | Server | * * | +------------+ * * | / * * | / * * +--------------+ +-----------------+ * * | OPES |----- | Remote Call-out | * * | Processor | | Server | * * +--------------+ +-----------------+ * * | * ********************************************* | | | +---------------------------+ | Data consumer application | +---------------------------+ Figure 2: Authoritative Domains for Surrogate Overlays3.2. Delegate Overlays
A delegate overlay is a specific type of OPES service network, which is delegated the authority to provide data services on behalf of one or more data consumer applications. Delegate overlays provide services that would otherwise be performed by the data consumer applications. Such services include, but are not limited to, virus scanning and content filtering. The elements of delegate overlays logically belong to the authoritative domain of the respective data consumer application. The situation is illustrated in Figure 3.
+--------+ | Origin | | Server | +--------+ | | | ********************************************* * | * * +--------------+ +-----------------+ * * | OPES |----- | Remote Call-out | * * | Processor | | Server | * * +--------------+ +-----------------+ * * | \ * * | +------------+ * * | | OPES Admin | * * | | Server | * * | +------------+ * * +---------------------+ * * | Data consumer Appl. | Authoritative * * +---------------------+ Domain * * * ********************************************* Figure 3: Authoritative Domains for Delegate Overlays3.3. Enterprise environment
Deployment of OPES services in an enterprise environment is unique in several ways: o Both data providers and data consumers are in the same administrative domain and trust domain. This implies that the logical OPES administrator has the authority to enforce corporate policies on all data providers, data consumers, and OPES entities. o In the case when a callout server outside the corporate firewall is invoked for services (such as language translation) that cannot be performed inside the corporation, care must be taken to guarantee a secure communication channel between the callout server and corporate OPES entities. The callout server must also adhere to all corporate security policies for the services authorized.
3.4. Callout Servers
In some cases the deployment of OPES services can benefit from the use of callout servers that could distribute the workload of OPES processors or to contract specialized services from other OPES providers. In general, operations such as virus scanning that operate on large objects are better handled through the use of a dedicated callout server that is better designed to perform the memory intensive task than what an OPES processor could handle.3.5. Chaining of OPES data filters and callout servers
OPES data processors can be "chained" in two dimensions: along the content path or along the callout path. In the latter case, the callout servers can themselves be organized in series for handling requests. Any content that is touched by more than one data processor or more than one callout server has been handled by a "chain". NOTE: Chaining of callout servers is deferred from version 1 of the Protocol. The discussion of chaining is included here for completeness.3.5.1. Chaining along the content path
An OPES provider may have assigned OPES services to a set of processors arranged in series. All content might move through the series, and if the content matches the rules for a processor, it is subjected to the service. In this way, the content can be enhanced by several services. This kind of chaining can be successful if the services are relatively independent. For example, the content might be assembled by a service early in the chain and then further decorated by a later service.3.5.2. Chaining along the callout path
Alternatively, an OPES data processor might act as a content-level switch in a cluster of other data processors and callout servers. The first stage might develop a processing schedule for the content and direct it to other OPES data processors and/or callout servers. For example, OPES processor A might handle all services assembling content, OPES processor B might handle all services involving URL translation, and OPES processor C might handle all content security services. The first processor would determine that processors A and
C were needed for a particular content object, and it would direct the content to those processors. In turn, the processors might use several callout servers to accomplish the task.4. Failure cases and service notification
These are illustrative cases where information about OPES processing can help endpoint users determine where and why content modifications are being performed. o Content provider uses an OPES data processor to enhance content based only on context local to the provider. The local context might be time of day, local URL, or available advertising, for example. The content provider might find OPES logging to be sufficient for debugging any problems in this case. However, the content provider might also try direct probing by issuing a request for the content and examining headers related to tracing. If unexpected parameters show up in the trace headers, the content provider's administrator can use these to correct the OPES rules or detect the presence of an unexpected OPES processor in the content path. o Content provider uses an OPES data processor to enhance content based on context related to the requestor. The requestor may notice that his requests do not elicit the same response as another requestor. He may, for example, get an error message. If he believes there is a configuration error on the OPES data processor, he will need to provide information to the administrator of it. If the information includes "OPES service access control, action: blocked", for example, he can inquire about the circumstances that will allow him to be added to the access control list. In another example, if he sees a picture unrelated to the surrounding text, and if the tracing shows "OPES service choose picture, action: insert 640x480 weather.gif", he might complain that the OPES service does not properly recognize his geographic location and inserts the wrong weather map. In any case, if the information is forwarded to the content provider, the problem may be fixed. o End user has OPES processor available as part of his network access environment. The end user may have selected "translate English to Spanish" as an OPES service. If he sees "OPES service language translation, action: destination language not supported, no action", then he may inquire of the OPES service provider about what languages are supported by the package. If the end user feels that the source language is not properly represented by the
provider, resulting in inability for the service to operate, he
(or the language service provider) can contact the content
provider.
o If the content provider gets complaints from users about the
translation service and feels that the problem is not in the
content but in the service, he may recommend that the service not
be applied to his pages. He can do that through content headers,
for example, with the notation "No OPES service #8D3298EB" or "No
OPES class language translation".
o End user's ISP or enterprise uses OPES to control user access
based on user profiles. The end user can see that the OPES
services are being applied by his ISP, but he cannot control them.
If he feels that the transformations bowdlerize the content he can
complain to the provider organization.
o The content provider or end user relies on a content distribution
network and OPES is used within that network. OPES may be
authorized by either the content provider, end user, or both. The
content provider may suspect that his access control rules are not
being applied properly, for example. He may ask for notification
on all accesses to his content through a log. This request and
the logfile are outside the OPES architecture; there are security
implications for the request, the response, and the resources used
by the logfile.
5. Security Considerations
The document presents usage scenarios and deployment cases. Issues
related to the overall security of OPES entities are given in [1].
6. Informative References
[1] A. Barbir et al., "An Architecture for Open Pluggable Edge
Services (OPES)", Work in Progress, July 2002.
[2] Floyd, S. and L. Daigle, "IAB Architectural and Policy
Considerations for Open Pluggable Edge Services", RFC 3238,
January 2002.
[3] Westerinen, A., Schnizlein, J., Strassner, J., Scherling, M.,
Quinn, B., Herzog, S., Huynh, A., Carlson, M., Perry, J. and S.
Waldbusser, "Terminology for Policy-Based Management", RFC 3198,
November 2001.
[4] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Nielsen, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P. and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [5] OPES Working Group, "OPES Service Authorization and Enforcement Requirements", Work in Progress, May 2002. [6] Beck, A., et al., "Requirements for OPES Callout Protocols", Work in Progress, July 2002.7. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the participants of the OPES WG for their comments on this document.8. Authors' Addresses
Abbie Barbir Nortel Networks 3500 Carling Avenue Nepean, Ontario K2H 8E9 Canada Phone: +1 613 763 5229 EMail: abbieb@nortelnetworks.com Eric W. Burger Brooktrout Technology, Inc. 18 Keewaydin Dr. Salem, NH 03079 EMail: e.burger@ieee.org Yih-Farn Robin Chen AT&T Labs - Research 180 Park Avenue Florham Park, NJ 07932 US Phone: +1 973 360 8653 EMail: chen@research.att.com
Stephen McHenry 305 Vineyard Town Center, #251 Morgan Hill, CA 95037 US Phone: +1 408 683 2700 EMail: stephen@mchenry.net Hilarie Orman Purple Streak Development EMail: ho@alum.mit.edu Reinaldo Penno Nortel Networks 600 Technology Park Drive Billerica, MA 01803 US EMail: rpenno@nortelnetworks.com
9. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78 and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Intellectual Property The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf- ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.