RFC 2951
TELNET Authentication Using KEA and SKIPJACK
Pages: 11
Informational
Informational
Network Working Group R. Housley Request for Comments: 2951 T. Horting Category: Informational P. Yee SPYRUS September 2000 TELNET Authentication Using KEA and SKIPJACK Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved.Abstract
This document defines a method to authenticate TELNET using the Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA), and encryption of the TELNET stream using SKIPJACK. Two encryption modes are specified; one provides data integrity and the other does not. The method relies on the TELNET Authentication Option.1. Command Names and Codes
AUTHENTICATION 37 Authentication Commands: IS 0 SEND 1 REPLY 2 NAME 3 Authentication Types: KEA_SJ 12 KEA_SJ_INTEG 13 Modifiers: AUTH_WHO_MASK 1 AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER 0 AUTH_SERVER_TO CLIENT 1
AUTH_HOW_MASK 2
AUTH_HOW_ONE_WAY 0
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL 2
ENCRYPT_MASK 20
ENCRYPT_OFF 0
ENCRYPT_USING_TELOPT 4
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE 16
ENCRYPT_RESERVED 20
INI_CRED_FWD_MASK 8
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF 0
INI_CRED_FWD_ON 8
Sub-option Commands:
KEA_CERTA_RA 1
KEA_CERTB_RB_IVB_NONCEB 2
KEA_IVA_RESPONSEB_NONCEA 3
KEA_RESPONSEA 4
2. TELNET Security Extensions
TELNET, as a protocol, has no concept of security. Without
negotiated options, it merely passes characters back and forth
between the NVTs represented by the two TELNET processes. In its
most common usage as a protocol for remote terminal access (TCP port
23), TELNET normally connects to a server that requires user-level
authentication through a user name and password in the clear. The
server does not authenticate itself to the user.
The TELNET Authentication Option provides for:
* User authentication -- replacing or augmenting the normal host
password mechanism;
* Server authentication -- normally done in conjunction with user
authentication;
* Session parameter negotiation -- in particular, encryption key
and attributes;
* Session protection -- primarily encryption of the data and
embedded command stream, but the encryption algorithm may also
provide data integrity.
In order to support these security services, the two TELNET entities
must first negotiate their willingness to support the TELNET
Authentication Option. Upon agreeing to support this option, the
parties are then able to perform sub-option negotiations to determine
the authentication protocol to be used, and possibly the remote user name to be used for authorization checking. Encryption is negotiated along with the type of the authentication. Authentication and parameter negotiation occur within an unbounded series of exchanges. The server proposes a preference-ordered list of authentication types (mechanisms) that it supports. In addition to listing the mechanisms it supports, the server qualifies each mechanism with a modifier that specifies whether encryption of data is desired. The client selects one mechanism from the list and responds to the server indicating its choice and the first set of authentication data needed for the selected authentication type. The client may ignore a request to encrypt data and so indicate, but the server may also terminate the connection if the client refuses encryption. The server and the client then proceed through whatever number of iterations is required to arrive at the requested authentication. Encryption is started immediately after the Authentication Option is completed.3. Use of Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA)
This paper specifies the method in which KEA is used to achieve TELNET Authentication. KEA (in conjunction with SKIPJACK) [4] provides authentication and confidentiality. Integrity may also be provided. TELNET entities may use KEA to provide mutual authentication and support for the setup of data encryption keys. A simple token format and set of exchanges delivers these services. NonceA and NonceB used in this exchange are 64-bit bit strings. The client generates NonceA, and the server generates NonceB. The nonce value is selected randomly. The nonce is sent in a big endian form. The encryption of the nonce will be done with the same mechanism that the session will use, detailed in the next section. Ra and Rb used in this exchange are 1024 bit strings and are defined by the KEA Algorithm [4]. The IVa and IVb are 24 byte Initialization Vectors. They are composed of "THIS IS NOT LEAF" followed by 8 random bytes.
CertA is the client's certificate. CertB is the server's certificate. Both certificates are X.509 certificates [6] that contain KEA public keys [7]. The client must validate the server's certificate before using the KEA public key it contains. Likewise, the server must validate the client's certificate before using the KEA public key it contains. On completing these exchanges, the parties have a common SKIPJACK key. Mutual authentication is provided by verification of the certificates used to establish the SKIPJACK encryption key and successful use of the derived SKIPJACK session key. To protect against active attacks, encryption will take place after successful authentication. There will be no way to turn off encryption and safely turn it back on; repeating the entire authentication is the only safe way to restart it. If the user does not want to use encryption, he may disable encryption after the session is established.3.1. SKIPJACK Modes
There are two distinct modes for encrypting TELNET streams; one provides integrity and the other does not. Because TELNET is normally operated in a character-by-character mode, the SKIPJACK with stream integrity mechanism requires the transmission of 4 bytes for every TELNET data byte. However, a simplified mode SKIPJACK without integrity mechanism will only require the transmission of one byte for every TELNET data byte. The cryptographic mode for SKIPJACK with stream integrity is Cipher Feedback on 32 bits of data (CFB-32) and the mode of SKIPJACK is Cipher Feedback on 8 bits of data (CFB-8).3.1.1. SKIPJACK without stream integrity
The first and least complicated mode uses SKIPJACK CFB-8. This mode provides no stream integrity. For SKIPJACK without stream integrity, the two-octet authentication type pair is KEA_SJ AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER | AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL | ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE | INI_CRED_FWD_OFF. This indicates that the SKIPJACK without integrity mechanism will be used for mutual authentication and TELNET stream encryption. Figure 1 illustrates the authentication mechanism of KEA followed by SKIPJACK without stream integrity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Client (Party A) Server (Party B)
<-- IAC DO AUTHENTICATION
IAC WILL AUTHENTICATION -->
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION SEND
<list of authentication options>
IAC SE
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION
NAME <user name> -->
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION IS
KEA_SJ
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_CERTA_RA
CertA||Ra IAC SE -->
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION REPLY
KEA_SJ
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
IVA_RESPONSEB_NONCEA
KEA_CERTB_RB_IVB_NONCEB
CertB||Rb||IVb||
Encrypt( NonceB )
IAC SE
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION IS
KEA_SJ
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_IVA_RESPONSEB_NONCEA
IVa||Encrypt( (NonceB XOR 0x0C12)||NonceA )
IAC SE -->
Client (Party A) Server (Party B)
<client begins encryption>
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION REPLY
KEA_SJ
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_RESPONSEA
Encrypt( NonceA XOR 0x0C12 )
IAC SE
<server begins encryption>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 1.
3.1.2. SKIPJACK with stream integrity
SKIPJACK with stream integrity is more complicated. It uses the
SHA-1 [3] one-way hash function to provide integrity of the
encryption stream as follows:
Set H0 to be the SHA-1 hash of a zero-length string.
Cn is the nth character in the TELNET stream.
Hn = SHA-1( Hn-1||Cn ), where Hn is the hash value
associated with the nth character in the stream.
ICVn is set to the three most significant bytes of Hn.
Transmit Encrypt( Cn||ICVn ).
The ciphertext that is transmitted is the SKIPJACK CFB-32 encryption
of ( Cn||ICVn ). The receiving end of the TELNET link reverses the
process, first decrypting the ciphertext, separating Cn and ICVn,
recalculating Hn, recalculating ICVn, and then comparing the received
ICVn with the recalculated ICVn. Integrity is indicated if the
comparison succeeds, and Cn can then be processed normally as part of
the TELNET stream. Failure of the comparison indicates some loss of
integrity, whether due to active manipulation or loss of
cryptographic synchronization. In either case, the only recourse is
to drop the TELNET connection and start over.
For SKIPJACK with stream integrity, the two-octet authentication type
pair is KEA_SJ_INTEG AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER | AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE | INI_CRED_FWD_OFF. This indicates that the
KEA SKIPJACK with integrity mechanism will be used for mutual
authentication and TELNET stream encryption. Figure 2 illustrates
the authentication mechanism of KEA SKIPJACK with stream integrity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Client (Party A) Server (Party B)
<-- IAC DO AUTHENTICATION
IAC WILL AUTHENTICATION -->
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION SEND
<list of authentication options>
IAC SE
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION
NAME <user name> -->
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION IS
KEA_SJ_INTEG
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_CERTA_RA
CertA||Ra IAC SE -->
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION REPLY
KEA_SJ_INTEG
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
IVA_RESPONSEB_NONCEA
KEA_CERTB_RB_IVB_NONCEB
CertB||Rb||IVb||
Encrypt( NonceB )
IAC SE
IAC SB AUTHENTICATION IS
KEA_SJ_INTEG
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_IVA_RESPONSEB_NONCEA
IVa||Encrypt( (NonceB XOR 0x0D12)||NonceA )
IAC SE -->
Client (Party A) Server (Party B)
<client begins encryption>
<-- IAC SB AUTHENTICATION REPLY
KEA_SJ_INTEG
AUTH_CLIENT_TO_SERVER |
AUTH_HOW_MUTUAL |
ENCRYPT_AFTER_EXCHANGE |
INI_CRED_FWD_OFF
KEA_RESPONSEA
Encrypt( NonceA XOR 0x0D12 )
IAC SE
<server begins encryption>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure 2
4.0. Security Considerations
This entire memo is about security mechanisms. For KEA to provide
the authentication discussed, the implementation must protect the
private key from disclosure. Likewise, the SKIPJACK keys must be
protected from disclosure.
Implementations must randomly generate KEA private keys,
initialization vectors (IVs), and nonces. The use of inadequate
pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) to generate cryptographic
keys can result in little or no security. An attacker may find it
much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced the keys,
searching the resulting small set of possibilities, rather than brute
force searching the whole key space. The generation of quality
random numbers is difficult. RFC 1750 [8] offers important guidance
in this area, and Appendix 3 of FIPS Pub 186 [9] provides one quality
PRNG technique.
By linking the enabling of encryption as a side effect of successful
authentication, protection is provided against an active attacker.
If encryption were enabled as a separate negotiation, it would
provide a window of vulnerability from when the authentication
completes, up to and including the negotiation to turn on encryption.
The only safe way to restart encryption, if it is turned off, is to
repeat the entire authentication process.
5. IANA Considerations
The authentication types KEA_SJ and KEA_SJ_INTEG and their associated suboption values are registered with IANA. Any suboption values used to extend the protocol as described in this document must be registered with IANA before use. IANA is instructed not to issue new suboption values without submission of documentation of their use.6.0. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank William Nace for support during implementation of this specification.7.0. References
[1] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "TELNET Protocol Specification", ASTD 8, RFC 854, May 1983. [2] Ts'o, T. and J. Altman, "Telnet Authentication Option", RFC 2941, September 2000. [3] Secure Hash Standard. FIPS Pub 180-1. April 17, 1995. [4] "SKIPJACK and KEA Algorithm Specification", Version 2.0, May 29, 1998. Available from http://csrc.nist.gov/encryption/skipjack- kea.htm [5] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "TELNET Option Specifications", STD 8, RFC 855, May 1983. [6] Housley, R., Ford, W., Polk, W. and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: X.509 Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999. [7] Housley, R. and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure - Representation of Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) Keys in Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificates", RFC 2528, March 1999. [8] Eastlake, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller, "Randomness Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994. [9] National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS Pub 186: Digital Signature Standard. 19 May 1994.
8.0. Authors' Addresses
Russell Housley SPYRUS 381 Elden Street, Suite 1120 Herndon, VA 20170 USA EMail: housley@spyrus.com Todd Horting SPYRUS 381 Elden Street, Suite 1120 Herndon, VA 20170 USA EMail: thorting@spyrus.com Peter Yee SPYRUS 5303 Betsy Ross Drive Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA EMail: yee@spyrus.com
9. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.