RFC 1495
Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies
Network Working Group H. Alvestrand Request for Comments: 1495 SINTEF DELAB Updates: 1327 S. Kille ISODE Consortium R. Miles Soft*Switch, Inc. M. Rose Dover Beach Consulting, Inc. S. Thompson Soft*Switch, Inc. August 1993 Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies Status of this Memo This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................. 1 2. Approach ................................................. 2 3. Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies ......... 3 3.1 Mapping from X.400 to RFC-822 ........................... 4 3.2 Mapping from RFC-822 to X.400 ........................... 5 3.2.1 Asymmetric Mappings .................................... 6 3.2.1.1 Message/External-Body ................................ 6 3.2.1.2 Message/Partial ...................................... 6 3.2.1.3 Nested Multipart Content-types ....................... 6 3.2.2 Multipart IPMS Heading Extension ....................... 7 4. Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Headers ........ 7 5. OID Assignments .......................................... 9 6. Security Considerations .................................. 9 7. Authors' Addresses ....................................... 10 8. References ............................................... 11 1. Introduction The Internet community is a large collection of networks under autonomous administration, but sharing a core set of protocols. These are known as the Internet suite of protocols (or simply "TCP/IP"). Use of electronic-mail in the Internet is defined primarily by one
document, STD-11, RFC-822 [1], which defines the standard format for the exchange of messages. RFC-822 has proven immensely popular; in fact, the 822-connected Internet, is larger than the scope of the IP-connected Internet. The framework provided by RFC-822 allows for memo-based textual messages. Each message consists of two parts: the headers and the body. The headers are analogous to the structured fields found in an inter-office memo, whilst the body is free-form. Both parts are encoded using ASCII. Recently, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed an document called, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME RFC-1341. The title is actually misleading. MIME defines structure for Internet message bodies. It is not an extension to RFC-822. Independently of this, the International standards community developed a different framework in 1984 (some say that's the problem). This framework is known as the OSI Message Handling System (MHS) or sometimes X.400. Since the introduction of X.400(84), there has been work ongoing for defining mappings between MHS and RFC-822. The most recent work in this area is RFC-1327 [3], which focuses primarily on translation of envelope and headers. This document is complimentary to RFC-1327 as it focuses on translation of the message body. The mappings defined are largely symmetrical with respect to MIME and MHS structuring semantics, although the MIME semantics are somewhat richer. In order to provide for reversible transformations, MHS heading extensions are used to carry the additional MIME semantics. Please send comments to the MIME-MHS mailing list: <mime-mhs@surfnet.nl>. 2. Approach The mappings have been specifically designed to provide optimal behavior for three different scenarios: (1) Allow a MIME user and an MHS user to exchange an arbitrary binary content; (2) Allow MIME content-types to "tunnel" through an MHS relay that is, two MIME users can exchange content-types without loss
through an MHS relay); and,
(3) Allow MHS body parts to "tunnel" through a MIME relay that is,
two MHS users can exchange body parts without loss through a MIME
relay).
Other, related, scenarios can also be easily accommodated.
To facilitate the mapping process, the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) maintains a table termed the "IANA MHS/MIME
Equivalence Table". Once an enterprise has registered an OID to
describe an MHS body part, it should complete a corresponding
registry with the IANA for a MIME content-type/subtype. In practice,
the corresponding content-type will be "application", with an
appropriate choice of sub-type and possible parameters. If a new
MIME content-type/subtype is registered with the IANA without a
corresponding entry in the Equivalence Table, the IANA will assign it
an OID, from the arc defined in this memo. See [4], section 5 for
details.
The companion document, "Equivalences between 1988 X.400 and RFC-822
Message Bodies"[4], defines the initial configuration of this table.
The mappings described in both this document and the companion
document use the notational conventions of RFC-1327.
3. Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies
MHS messages are comprised of an IPMS.heading and an IPMS.body. The
IPMS.Body is a sequence of IPMS.BodyParts. An IPMS.BodyPart may be a
nested message (IPMS.MessageBodyPart).
A MIME message consists of headers and a content. For the purpose of
discussion, the content may be structured (multipart or message), or
atomic (otherwise). An element of a structured content may be a
message or a content. Both message and structured content have
subtypes which do not have direct analogies in MHS.
The mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 message bodies which this
document defines is symmetrical for the following cases:
(1) any atomic body part
(2) multipart: digest and mixed subtypes
(3) message/rfc822
RFC-1327 specifies the mappings for headers. Section 4 describes how
those mappings are modified by this document. When mapping between
an MHS body and a MIME content, the following algorithm is used: 3.1. Mapping from X.400 to RFC-822 This section replaces the text in RFC-1327 starting at the bottom of page 84, The IPMS.Body is mapped into the RFC-822 message body. Each IPMS.BodyPart is converted to ASCII as follows: and continuing up to and including page 86 of Section 5.3.4 of RFC- 1327. If the IPMS.Body Body ::= SEQUENCE OF BodyPart consists of a single body part, then the RFC-822 message body is constructed as the MIME content corresponding to that body part. If the body part is an IPMS.MessageBodyPart (forwarded IPM), the mapping is applied recursively. Otherwise, to map a specific MHS body part to a MIME content-type, the IANA MHS/MIME Equivalence table is consulted. If the MHS body part is not identified in this table, then the body-part is mapped onto an "application/x400-bp" content, as specified in [4]. If the IPMS.Body consists of more than one body part, then the RFC- 822 message body is constructed as a multipart/mixed content-type, unless all of the body parts are messages, in which case it is mapped to a multipart/digest content-type. Each component of the multipart content-type corresponds to a IPMS.BodyPart, preserving the ordering of the body parts in the IPMS.Body. There is one case which gets special treatement. If the IPMS.Body consists solely of a single IA5Text body part, then the RFC822 message body is NOT marked as a MIME content. This prevents RFC822 mailers from invoking MIME function unnecessarily.
3.2. Mapping from RFC-822 to X.400 First, replace the first paragraph of Section 5.1.3 on page 72 of RFC-1327 to read as: The IPM (IPMS Service Request) is generated according to the rules of this section. The IPMS.body usually consists of one IPMS.BodyPart of type IPMS.IA5TextBodyPart with IPMS.IA5TextBodyPart.parameters.repertoire set to the default (ia5), which contains the body of the RFC-822 message. However, if the 822.MIME-Version header field is present, a special algorithm is used to generate the IPMS.body. Second, replace the "Comments:" paragraph on page 74 to reads as: Comments: If an 822.MIME-Version header field is not present, generate an IPMS.Bodypart of type IPMS.IA5TextBodyPart with IPMS.IA5TextBodyPart.parameters.repertoire set to the default (ia5), containing the value of the fields, preceded by the string "Comments: ". This body part shall preceed the other one. Third, add the remainder of this section to the end of Section 5.1.3 of RFC-1327. If the 822.MIME-Version header field is present, the following mapping rules are used to generate the IPMS.body. If the MIME content-type is one of: (1) any atomic body part (2) multipart: digest and mixed subtypes
(3) message/rfc822 then the symmetric mapping applies as described in Section 6.1. Note that the multipart content-types should be marked with the IPMS.HeadingExtension described below. Otherwise, three cases remain, which are discussed in turn. 3.2.1. Asymmetric Mappings 3.2.1.1. Message/External-Body This is mapped into a mime-body-part, as specified in [4]. 3.2.1.2. Message/Partial This is mapped onto a message, and the following heading extension is used. The extension is derived from the message/partial parameters: partial-message HEADING-EXTENSION VALUE PartialMessage ::= id-hex-partial-message PartialMessage ::= SEQUENCE { number INTEGER, total INTEGER, id IA5String } If this heading is present when mapping from MHS to MIME, then a message/partial should be generated. 3.2.1.3. Nested Multipart Content-types In MIME, a multipart content refers to a set of content-types, not a message with a set of content-types. However, a nested multipart content will always be mapped to an IPMS.MessageBodyPart, with an IPMS.BodyPart for each contained content-type. The only mandatory field in the heading is the IPMS.this-IPM, which must always be generated (by the gateway). A IPMS.subject field should also be generated where there is no "real" heading. This will present useful information to the non-MIME capable X.400(88) and to all X.400(84) UAs.
The IPM.subject fields for the various types are: mixed: "Multipart Message" alternative: "Alternate Body Parts containing the same information" digest: "Message Digest" parallel: "Body Parts to be interpreted in parallel" 3.2.2. Multipart IPMS Heading Extension The following IPMS.HeadingExtension should be generated for all multipart content-types, with the enumerated value set according to the subtype: multipart-message HEADING-EXTENSION VALUE MultipartType ::= id-hex-multipart-message MultipartType ::= ENUMERATED { mixed(1), alternative(2), digest(3), parallel(4) } If this heading is present when mapping from MHS to MIME, then the appropriate multipart content-type should be generated. 4. Mapping between X.400 and RFC-822 Message Headers Replace the first paragraph of Section 3.3.4 on page 26 of RFC-1327 to read as: In cases where T.61 strings are used only for conveying human- interpreted information, the aim of this mapping is to render the characters appropriately in the remote character set, rather than to maximize reversibility. For these cases, the following steps are followed to find an appropriate encoding: 1) If all the characters in the string are contained within the ASCII repertoire, the string is simply copied. 2) If all the characters in the string are from an IANA- registered character set, then the appropriate encoded-word(s) according to [5] are generated instead. 3) If the characters in the string are from a character set which is not registered with the IANA, then the mappings to IA5 defined in CCITT Recommendation X.408 (1988) shall be used
[CCITT/ISO88a]. These will then be encoded in ASCII.
This approach will only be used for human-readable information
(Subject and FreeForm Name).
When mapping from an RFC-822 header, when an encoded-word (as
defined in [5]) is encountered:
1) If all the characters contained therein are mappable to T.61,
the string content shall be converted into T.61.
2) Otherwise, the encoded-word shall be copied directly into the
T.61 string.
Modify procedure "2a" on page 56 of RFC-1327 to read as:
If the IPMS.ORDescriptor.free-form-name is present, convert it
to ASCII or T.61 (Section 3.3.4), and use this as the 822.phrase
component of the 822.mailbox construct.
Modify the final paragraph of procedure "2" on page 55 of RFC-1327 to
read as:
The string is then encoded into T.61 or ASCII using a human-
oriented mapping (as described in Section 3.3.4). If the string
is not null, it is assigned to IPMS.ORDescriptor.free-form.name.
Modify the second paragraph of procedure "3" on page 55 of RFC-1327
to read as:
If the 822.group construct is present, any included 822.mailbox
is encoded as above to generate a separate IPMS.ORDescriptor.
The 822.group is mapped to T.61 or ASCII (as described in
Section 3.3.4), and an IPMS.ORDescriptor with only an free-
form-name component is built from it.
Modify procedure "822.Subject" on page 62 of RFC-1327 to read as:
Mapped to IMPS.Heading.subject. The field-body uses the human-
oriented mapping referenceed in Section 3.3.4.
Modify procedure "IPMS.Heading.subject" on page 71 of RFC-1327 to
read as:
Mapped to "Subject:". The contents are converted to ASCII or
T.61 (Section 3.3.4). Any CRLF are not mapped, but are used as
points at which the subject field must be folded.
5. OID Assignments MIME-MHS DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN mail OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { internet 7 } mime-mhs OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mail 1 } mime-mhs-headings OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mime-mhs 1 } id-hex-partial-message OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mime-mhs-headings 1 } id-hex-multipart-message OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mime-mhs-headings 2 } mime-mhs-bodies OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mime-mhs 2 } END 6. Security Considerations There are no explicit security provisions in this document. However, a warning is in order. This document maps two mechanisms between RFC822 and X.400 that could cause problems. The first is the transfer of binary files. The inherent risks are well known and won't be reiterated here. The second is the propagation of strong content typing. The typing can be used to automatically "launch" or initiate applications against those contents. Any such launching leaves the invoker vulnerable to application-specific viruses; for example, a spreadsheet macro or Postscript command that deletes files. See [2], Section 7.4.2 for a Postscript-specific discussion of this issue.
7. Authors' Addresses Harald Tveit Alvestrand SINTEF DELAB N-7034 Trondheim NORWAY EMail: Harald.Alvestrand@delab.sintef.no Steve Kille ISODE Consortium P.O. Box 505 London SW11 1DX England Phone: +44-71-223-4062 EMail: S.Kille@ISODE.COM Robert S. Miles Soft*Switch, Inc. 640 Lee Road Wayne, PA 19087 Phone: (215) 640-7556 EMail: rsm@spyder.ssw.com Marshall T. Rose Dover Beach Consulting, Inc. 420 Whisman Court Mountain View, CA 94043-2186 US Phone: +1 415 968 1052 Fax: +1 415 968 2510 EMail: mrose@dbc.mtview.ca.us Steven J. Thompson Soft*Switch, Inc. 640 Lee Road Wayne, PA 19087 Phone: (215) 640-7556 EMail: sjt@gateway.ssw.com
8. References [1] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, UDEL, August 1982. [2] Borenstein, N., and N. Freed, "MIME: Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 1341, Bellcore, Innosoft, June 1992. [3] Hardcastle-Kille, S., "Mapping between X.400(1988) / ISO 10021 and RFC-822", RFC 1327, University College London, May 1992. [4] Alvestrand, H., and S. Thompson, "Equivalences between 1988 X.400 and RFC-822 Message Bodies", RFC 1494, SINTEF DELAB, Soft*Switch, Inc., August 1993. [5] Moore, K., "Representation of Non-ASCII Text in Internet Message Headers Message Bodies", RFC 1342, University of Tennesse, June 1992.