The present document is an introduction to GSM 06.60 [6], GSM 06.61 [7], GSM 06.62 [8], GSM 06.81 [9] and GSM 06.82 [10] ENs dealing with the speech processing functions in the Enhanced Full Rate channel of the GSM system. A general overview of the speech processing functions is given, with reference to the ENs where each function is specified in detail.

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Figure 1 presents a reference configuration where the various speech processing functions are identified. In this figure, the relevant Standards for each function are also indicated. In Figure 1, the audio parts including analogue to digital and digital to analogue conversion are included, to show the complete speech path between the audio input/output in the Mobile Station (MS) and the digital interface of the PSTN. The detailed specification of the audio parts are contained in GSM 03.50 [2]. These aspects are only considered to the extent that the performance of the audio parts affect the performance of the speech transcoder. An alternative and fully interoperable implementation using as a basis the 12.2 kbit/s mode of the Adaptive Multi Rate speech coder is described in clause 11.

1. 8 bit /A law or μ-law (PCS 1900) PCM (CCITT recommendation G.711), 8 000 samples/s.
2. 13 bit uniform PCM, 8 000 samples/s.
3. Voice Activity Detector (VAD) flag.
4. Encoded speech frame, 50 frames/s, 244 bits/frame.
5. SIlence Descriptor (SID) frame, 244 bits/frame.
6. SPeech (SP) flag, indicates whether information bits are speech or SID information.
7. Information bits delivered to the radio subsystem.
8. Information bits received from the radio subsystem.
9. Bad Frame Indication.
10. SIlence Descriptor (SID) flag.
11. Time Alignment Flag (TAF), marks the position of the SID frame within the Slow Associated Control CHannel (SACCH) multiframe.

As shown in figure 1, the speech encoder takes its input as a 13 bit uniform Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) signal either from the audio part of the Mobile Station or on the network side, from the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) via an 8 bit/A law or μ-law (PCS 1900) to 13 bit uniform PCM conversion. The encoded speech at the output of the speech encoder is delivered to the channel coding function defined in GSM 05.03 [3] to produce an encoded block consisting of 456 bits leading to a gross bit rate of 22,8 kbit/s. In the receive direction, the inverse operations take place. GSM 06.60 [6] describes the detailed mapping between input blocks of 160 speech samples in 13 bit uniform PCM format to encoded blocks of 244 bits and from encoded blocks of 244 bits to output blocks of 160 reconstructed speech samples. The sampling rate is 8 000 sample/s leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12,2 kbit/s. The coding scheme is the so called Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction, hereafter referred to as ACELP. GSM 06.60 [6] describes the codec and GSM 06.53 [4] defines the C code, thus enabling the verification of compliance to GSM 06.60 [6] to a high degree of confidence by use of a set of digital test sequences given in GSM 06.54 [5].

During a normal phone conversation, the participants alternate so that, on the average, each direction of transmission is occupied about 50% of the time. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a mode of operation where the transmitters are switched on only for those frames which contain useful information. This may be done for the following two purposes:

1. In the MS, battery life will be prolonged or a smaller battery could be used for a given operational duration.
2. The average interference level over the air interface is reduced, leading to better Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum efficiency.

The overall DTX mechanism is implemented in the DTX handlers (Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX)) described in GSM 06.81 [9] and requires the following functions:

• a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) on the TX side, see GSM 06.82 [10];
• evaluation of the background acoustic noise on the TX side, in order to transmit characteristic parameters to the RX side, see GSM 06.62 [8];
• generation of comfort noise on the RX side during periods where the radio transmission is turned off, see GSM 06.62 [8].

The transmission of comfort noise information to the RX side is achieved by means of a Silence Descriptor (SID) frame. The SID frame is transmitted at the end of speech bursts and serves as an end of speech marker for the RX side. In order to update the comfort noise characteristics at the RX side, SID frames are transmitted at regular intervals also during speech pauses. This also serves the purpose of improving the measurement of the radio link quality by the Radio SubSystem (RSS). The DTX handlers interwork with the RSS using flags. The RSS is in control of the actual transmitter keying on the TX side, and performs various pre processing functions on the RX side. This is described in GSM 06.81 [9]. The speech flag (SP) indicates whether information bits are speech or SID information. The SP flag is calculated from the VAD flag by the TX DTX handler. When SID information is transmitted (SP="0") the operation of the speech encoder is modified to reduce the remaining computation for that frame. This is described in GSM 06.62 [8].

The Enhanced Full Rate VAD function is described in GSM 06.82 [10]. The input to the VAD is a set of parameters computed by the Enhanced Full Rate speech encoder defined in GSM 06.60 [6]. The VAD uses this information to decide whether each 20 ms speech coder frame contains speech or not. Note that the VAD flag is an input to TX DTX handler and does not control the transmitter keying directly. GSM 06.82 [10] describes the VAD algorithm and GSM 06.53 [4] defines the C code. The verification of compliance to GSM 06.82 [10] is achieved by use of digital test sequences (see GSM 06.54 [5]) applied to the same interface as the test sequences for the speech codec.

The Enhanced Full Rate noise comfort insertion function is described in GSM 06.62 [8]. When switching the transmission on and off during DTX operation, the effect would be a modulation of the background noise at the receiving end, if no precautions were taken. When transmission is on, the background noise is transmitted together with the speech to the receiving end. As the speech burst ends, the connection is off and the perceived noise would drop to a very low level. This step modulation of noise may be perceived as annoying and reduce the intelligibility of speech, if presented to a listener without modification. This "noise contrast effect" is reduced in the GSM system by inserting an artificial noise, termed comfort noise, at the receiving end when speech is absent. The comfort noise processes are as follows:

• the evaluation of the acoustic background noise in the transmitter;
• the noise parameter encoding (SID frames) and decoding;
• and the generation of comfort noise in the receiver.

The comfort noise processes and the algorithm for updating the noise parameters during speech pauses are defined in detail in GSM 06.62 [8]. The comfort noise mechanism is based on the Enhanced Full Rate speech codec defined in GSM 06.60 [6].

The Enhanced Full Rate speech frame substitution and muting function is described in GSM 06.61 [7]. In the receiver, frames may be lost due to transmission errors or frame stealing. GSM 06.61 [7] describes the actions to be taken in these cases, both for lost speech frames and for lost SID frames in DTX operation. In order to mask the effect of an isolated lost frame, the lost speech frame is substituted by a predicted frame based on previous frames. Insertion of silence frames is not allowed. For several subsequent lost frames, a muting technique shall be used to indicate to the listener that transmission has been interrupted.

The GSM Enhanced Full Rate speech transcoder, VAD, DTX system and comfort noise parts of the audio processing functions (see figure 1) are defined in bit exact arithmetic. Consequently, they shall react on a given input sequence always with the corresponding bit exact output sequence, provided that the internal state variables are also always exactly in the same state at the beginning of the experiment. The input test sequences provided in GSM 06.54 [5] shall force the corresponding output test sequences, provided that the tested modules are in their home state when starting. The modules may be set into their home states by provoking the appropriate homing functions. Special inband signalling frames (encoder homing frame and decoder homing frame) described in GSM 06.60 [6] have been defined to provoke these homing functions also in remotely placed modules. This mechanism is specified to support three main areas:

• type approval of mobile terminal equipment;
• type approval of infrastructure equipment;
• remote control and testing for operation and maintenance.

At the end of the first received homing frame, the audio functions that are defined in a bit exact way shall go into their predefined home states. The output corresponding to the first homing frame is dependent on the codec state when the frame was received. Any consecutive homing frames shall produce corresponding homing frames at the output.

The 12.2 kbit/s mode of the Adaptive Multi Rate speech coder described in TS 26.071 is functionally equivalent to the GSM Enhanced Full Rate speech coder. An alternative implementation of the Enhanced Full Rate speech service based on the 12.2 kbit/s mode of the Adaptive Multi Rate coder is allowed. Alternative implementations shall implement the functionality specified in TS 26.071 for the 12.2 kbit/s mode, with the difference that the DTX transmission format from GSM 06.81, the comfort noise generation from GSM 06.62 and the decoder-homing-frame from GSM 06.60 shall be used. Verification of compliance using the alternative implementation is achieved by use of a set of digital test sequences given in GSM 06.54.