For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in TR 21.905 and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905. 3GPP sensing data: 5G Wireless sensing: non-3GPP sensing data: Sensing assistance information: Sensing contextual information: Sensing group: Sensing receiver: Sensing result: Sensing signals: Sensing transmitter: Target sensing service area:

For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in TR 21.905.

5G wireless sensing is a technology enabler to acquire information about characteristics of the environment and/or objects within the environment, that uses radio frequency to determine the distance (range), angle, or instantaneous linear velocity of objects, etc. Radio frequency sensing functionality provides services for device-free object localization as there is lack of need for the object to be connected via a device in the network. The estimation of parameters such as signal strength, delay, doppler and angle spectrum information is obtained from scattered and/or reflected radio frequency signals transmitted and received by RAN nodes or UEs by using NR radio frequency signals and, in some cases, previously defined information available in EPC and/or E-UTRAN, without leading to impacts on EPC and E-UTRAN. By processing these radio frequency signals, features such as the location, velocity, geometric information of the objects can be extracted and further exposed together with contextual information towards different applications. The capabilities to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from the radio frequency signals can provide a broad range of new functionality, such as various objects detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicle, human, animal, UAV) and high accuracy localization, tracking and activity recognition. This technical specification describes the sensing technology as part of the 5G system for enabling new services and use cases. 5G wireless sensing service provides new possibilities for enhanced usage of the telecommunication infrastructure. It provides input to different verticals (e.g., UAVs, smart home, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc) enabling applications offering e.g., intruder detection, assisted automotive maneuvering and navigation, trajectory tracing, collision avoidance, traffic management, health and activity monitoring. In some cases, 5G wireless sensing can also use non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., Radar, camera) to further support the 3GPP-based sensing.

The operation of the 5G wireless sensing service, a.k.a. sensing operation, relies on processing the transmissions, reflections, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. 5G wireless sensing, therefore, has the opportunity to enhance the 5G system from a communication network to a wireless communication and sensing network, where it uses 5G entities to sense objects and the environment in its surroundings. Sensing operation can be implemented in a couple of different ways, from radar like sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are co-located in the same entity (Figure 4.2-1), called Monostatic sensing, to have the sensing receiver and sensing transmitter in different entities (Figure 4.2-2), also called Bistatic sensing. A more advanced scenario with multiple sensing transmitters and receivers is also possible, called Multistatic sensing. The reflections of the sensing signal sent from the sensing transmitter are received by the sensing receiver and processed to obtain characteristics of the sensed object and its environment (e.g., location). Below Figure 4.2-1 and Figure 4.2-2 show examples of the sensing operation and the nomenclature used in this specification. Non-3GPP based sensing is when information from non-3GPP sensors is used to determine characteristics of objects and their environment. These non-3GPP sensors could include radar camera or Wi-Fi sensing. While the mechanism of these types of sensing is not considered in this specification, non-3GPP sensing data from these non-3GPP sensors, if available, can be used in 5G wireless sensing to achieve improved sensing result, or in any other way to enhance the sensing service. The 5G wireless sensing service could be consumed by either the 3GPP system or trusted third-party. It is expected that the 5G wireless sensing service will work independently of positioning service. There are some factors affecting the performance that the 5G wireless sensing service can achieve e.g.,

• Operating frequencies and used bandwidth.
• The propagation environment also plays an important role. Environments with many objects that can block radio signals, leading to interruption of the Line of Sight (LOS) path and reflections/scattering can increase the number of interfering signal paths, as well as clutter and thus make it harder to reach higher resolutions.

Sensing operations, such as authorization, and parameters such as sensing area, sensing operation period and sensing operation time window etc., could be configured and adjusted for efficient use of all kinds of resources, such as energy and radio spectrum, etc.

5G wireless sensing service also brings challenges related to confidentiality and privacy. There is a need to protect the sensing data from unauthorized access, interception and eavesdropping, but also to make sure the 5G wireless sensing service is in compliance with regulatory requirements. The introduction of sensing capabilities can enable tracking of people and objects in the environment, including people not carrying UEs. Thus, additional considerations are needed to protect their rights to privacy.

The 5G system is expected to meet the service requirements for 5G wireless sensing service, which provides capabilities for sensing one or more objects in the environment, monitoring environmental conditions, and human motion and gestures to enable more diversified applications. The 5G wireless sensing service includes the collection of 3GPP sensing data, secure delivery of the 3GPP sensing data for processing, and secure exposure of the sensing result to trusted third-party. In some scenarios, non-3GPP sensing data can also be used to improve 3GPP sensing service. It is important to consider energy efficient sensing operations which can include temporarily disabling sensing transmitters and receivers that are not involved in sensing and communication operations or adjusting the sensing operation parameters (e.g., sensing frequency) to minimize energy consumption. Furthermore, the coordination between the sensing transmitters/receivers is expected to be considered for interference management. When introducing sensing technology as a new 3GPP system capability, new considerations on authorization for service access and operation access, data confidentiality, data integrity, and user privacy are needed, to ensure that these aspects are taken into account when deriving service requirements. The following requirements provide guidance on specific 5G wireless sensing capabilities.

5G wireless Sensing service is required to fulfil different performance requirement (e.g., accuracy, resolution, latency, etc.) based on the characteristics of one or multiple target object(s) and/or the environment to be sensed in a target sensing service area. The following set of key performance requirements is used and shown for each service scenario in Table 6.2-1.

• Accuracy of positioning estimate: describes the closeness of the measured sensing result (i.e., position) of the target object to its true position value. It can be further derived into a horizontal sensing accuracy - referring to the sensing result error in a 2D reference or horizontal plane, and into a vertical sensing accuracy - referring to the sensing result error on the vertical axis or altitude.
• Accuracy of velocity estimate: describes the closeness of the measured sensing result (i.e., velocity) of the target object to its true velocity.
• Confidence level: describes the percentage of all the possible measured sensing results that can be expected to include the true sensing result considering the accuracy.
• Sensing Resolution: describes the minimum difference in the measured magnitude of target objects (e.g., range, velocity) to be allowed to detect objects in different magnitude.
• Missed detection probability: describes the conditional probability of not detecting the presence of target object/environment when the target object/environment is present. This probability is denoted by the ratio of the number of events falsely identified as negative, over the total number of events with a positive state. It applies only to binary sensing results.
• False alarm probability: describes the conditional probability of falsely detecting the presence of target object/environment when the target object/environment is not present. This probability is denoted by the ratio of the number of events falsely identified as being positive, over the total number of events with a negative state. It applies only to binary sensing results.
• Max sensing service latency: time elapsed between the event triggering the determination of the sensing result and the availability of the sensing result at the sensing system interface.
• Refreshing rate: rate at which the sensing result is generated by the sensing system. It is the inverse of the time elapsed between two successive sensing results.

5G wireless sensing performance requirements are applied to 3GPP sensing data and sensing results.

The 5G system shall be able to provide sensing results with the performance requirements in Table 6.2-1.