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RFC 8158

IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Information Elements for Logging NAT Events

Pages: 34
Proposed Standard
Part 1 of 2 – Pages 1 to 23
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Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 1
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                      S. Sivakumar
Request for Comments: 8158                                      R. Penno
Category: Standards Track                                  Cisco Systems
ISSN: 2070-1721                                            December 2017


        IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Information Elements
                         for Logging NAT Events

Abstract

Network operators require NAT devices to log events like creation and deletion of translations and information about the resources that the NAT device is managing. In many cases, the logs are essential to identify an attacker or a host that was used to launch malicious attacks and for various other purposes of accounting. Since there is no standard way of logging this information, different NAT devices use proprietary formats; hence, it is difficult to expect consistent behavior. This lack of standardization makes it difficult to write the Collector applications that would receive this data and process it to present useful information. This document describes the formats for logging NAT events. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8158.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 2
Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Event-Based Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.1. Logging Destination Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4.2. Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.3. Definition of NAT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.4. Quota Exceeded Event Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.5. Threshold Reached Event Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.6. Templates for NAT Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.6.1. NAT44 Session Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . 14 4.6.2. NAT64 Session Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . 15 4.6.3. NAT44 BIB Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6.4. NAT64 BIB Create and Delete Events . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6.5. Addresses Exhausted Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6.6. Ports Exhausted Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.6.7. Quota Exceeded Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.6.7.1. Maximum Session Entries Exceeded . . . . . . . . 18 4.6.7.2. Maximum BIB Entries Exceeded . . . . . . . . . . 18 4.6.7.3. Maximum Entries per User Exceeded . . . . . . . . 19 4.6.7.4. Maximum Active Hosts or Subscribers Exceeded . . 19 4.6.7.5. Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded . . 19 4.6.8. Threshold Reached Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4.6.8.1. Address Pool High or Low Threshold Reached . . . 20 4.6.8.2. Address and Port Mapping High Threshold Reached . 21 4.6.8.3. Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold Reached . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.6.8.4. Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached . . 22 4.6.9. Address Binding Create and Delete Events . . . . . . 22
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 3
       4.6.10. Port Block Allocation and De-allocation . . . . . . .  22
   5.  Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
     5.1.  Ability to Collect Events from Multiple NAT Devices . . .  23
     5.2.  Ability to Suppress Events  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     6.1.  Information Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.1.1.  natInstanceID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.1.2.  internalAddressRealm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       6.1.3.  externalAddressRealm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       6.1.4.  natQuotaExceededEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       6.1.5.  natThresholdEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       6.1.6.  natEvent  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       6.1.7.  maxSessionEntries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
       6.1.8.  maxBIBEntries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.1.9.  maxEntriesPerUser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.1.10. maxSubscribers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       6.1.11. maxFragmentsPendingReassembly . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       6.1.12. addressPoolHighThreshold  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       6.1.13. addressPoolLowThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
       6.1.14. addressPortMappingHighThreshold . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       6.1.15. addressPortMappingLowThreshold  . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       6.1.16. addressPortMappingPerUserHighThreshold  . . . . . . .  30
       6.1.17. globalAddressMappingHighThreshold . . . . . . . . . .  31
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 4

1. Introduction

The IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol [RFC7011] defines a generic push mechanism for exporting information and events. The IPFIX Information Model [IPFIX-IANA] defines a set of standard Information Elements (IEs) that can be carried by the IPFIX protocol. This document details the IPFIX IEs that MUST be logged by a NAT device that supports NAT logging using IPFIX and all the optional fields. The fields specified in this document are gleaned from [RFC4787] and [RFC5382]. This document and [NAT-LOG] are written in order to standardize the events and parameters to be recorded using IPFIX [RFC7011] and SYSLOG [RFC5424], respectively. This document uses IPFIX as the encoding mechanism to describe the logging of NAT events. However, the information that is logged should be the same irrespective of what kind of encoding scheme is used. IPFIX is chosen because it is an IETF standard that meets all the needs for a reliable logging mechanism. IPFIX provides the flexibility to the logging device to define the datasets that it is logging. The IEs specified for logging must be the same irrespective of the encoding mechanism used.

1.1. Terminology

The term "NAT device" in this document refers to any NAT44 or NAT64 device. The term "Collector" refers to any device that receives binary data from a NAT device and converts it into meaningful information. This document uses the term "session" as defined in [RFC2663], and the term "Binding Information Base" (BIB) as defined in [RFC6146]. The term "Information Element" or "IE" is defined in [RFC7011]. The term "Carrier-Grade NAT" refers to a large-scale NAT device as described in [RFC6888] The IPFIX IEs that are NAT specific are created with NAT terminology. In order to avoid creating duplicates, IEs are reused if they convey the same meaning. This document uses the term "timestamp" for the IE, which defines the time when an event is logged; this is the same as the IPFIX term "observationTimeMilliseconds" as described in [IPFIX-IANA]. Since observationTimeMilliseconds is not self- explanatory for NAT implementors, the term "timeStamp" is used. Event templates, which refer to IPFIX Template Records, as well as log events, which refer to IPFIX Flow Records, are also used in this document.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 5

1.2. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

2. Scope

This document provides the information model to be used for logging the NAT events, including Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) events. [RFC7011] provides guidance on the choices of the transport protocols used for IPFIX and their effects. This document does not provide guidance on transport protocols like TCP, UDP, or Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), which are to be used to log NAT events. The logs SHOULD be reliably sent to the Collector to ensure that the log events are not lost. The choice of the actual transport protocol is beyond the scope of this document. This document uses the allocated IPFIX IEs in the IANA "IPFIX Information Elements" registry [IPFIX-IANA] and registers some new ones. This document assumes that the NAT device will use the existing IPFIX framework to send the log events to the Collector. This would mean that the NAT device will specify the template that it is going to use for each of the events. The templates can be of varying length, and there could be multiple templates that a NAT device could use to log the events. The implementation details of the Collector application are beyond the scope of this document. The optimization of logging the NAT events is left to the implementation and is beyond the scope of this document.

3. Deployment

NAT logging based on IPFIX uses binary encoding; hence, it is very efficient. IPFIX-based logging is recommended for environments where a high volume of logging is required, for example, where per-flow logging is needed or in case of Carrier-Grade NAT. However, IPFIX- based logging requires a Collector that processes the binary data and requires a network management application that converts this binary data to a human-readable format.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 6
   A Collector may receive NAT events from multiple CGN devices.  The
   Collector distinguishes between the devices using the source IP
   address, source port, and Observation Domain ID in the IPFIX header.
   The Collector can decide to store the information based on the
   administrative policies that are in line with the operator and the
   local jurisdiction.  The retention policy is not dictated by the
   Exporter and is left to the policies that are defined at the
   Collector.

   A Collector may have scale issues if it is overloaded by a large
   number of simultaneous events.  An appropriate throttling mechanism
   may be used to handle the oversubscription.

   The logs that are exported can be used for a variety of reasons.  An
   example use case is to do accounting based on when the users logged
   on and off.  The translation will be installed when the user logs on
   and removed when the user logs off.  These events create log records.
   Another use case is to identify an attacker or a host in a provider
   network.  The network administrators can use these logs to identify
   the usage patterns, the need for additional IP addresses, and etc.
   The deployment of NAT logging is not limited to just these cases.

4. Event-Based Logging

An event in a NAT device can be viewed as a state transition because it relates to the management of NAT resources. The creation and deletion of NAT sessions and bindings are examples of events, as they result in resources (addresses and ports) being allocated or freed. The events can happen through the processing of data packets flowing through the NAT device, through an external entity installing policies on the NAT router, or as a result of an asynchronous event like a timer. The list of events is provided in Table 2. Each of these events SHOULD be logged, unless this is administratively prohibited. A NAT device MAY log these events to multiple Collectors if redundancy is required. The network administrator will specify the Collectors to which the log records are to be sent. It is necessary to preserve the list of Collectors and its associated information like the IPv4/IPv6 address, port, and protocol across reboots so that the configuration information is not lost when the device is restarted. The NAT device implementing the IPFIX logging MUST follow the IPFIX specification in [RFC7011].

4.1. Logging Destination Information

Logging destination information in a NAT event is discussed in [RFC6302] and [RFC6888]. Logging destination information increases the size of each record and increases the need for storage considerably. It increases the number of log events generated
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 7
   because when the same user connects to a different destination, it
   results in a log record per destination address.  Logging the source
   and destination addresses results in loss of privacy.  Logging of
   destination addresses and ports, pre- or post-NAT, SHOULD NOT be done
   [RFC6888].  However, this document provides the necessary fields to
   log the destination information in cases where they must be logged.

4.2. Information Elements

The templates could contain a subset of the IEs shown in Table 1, depending upon the event being logged. For example, a NAT44 session creation template record will contain: {sourceIPv4Address, postNATSourceIPv4Address, destinationIPv4Address, postNATDestinationIPv4Address, sourceTransportPort, postNAPTSourceTransportPort, destinationTransportPort, postNAPTDestinationTransportPort, internalAddressRealm, natEvent, timeStamp} An example of the actual event data record is shown below in a human- readable form: {192.0.2.1, 203.0.113.100, 192.0.2.104, 192.0.2.104, 14800, 1024, 80, 80, 0, 1, 09:20:10:789} A single NAT device could be exporting multiple templates, and the Collector MUST support receiving multiple templates from the same source.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 8
   The following table includes all the IEs that a NAT device would need
   to export the events.  The formats of the IEs and the IPFIX IDs are
   listed.  Detailed descriptions of the fields natInstanceID,
   internalAddressRealm, externalAddressRealm, natQuotaExceededEvent,
   and natThresholdEvent are included in the IANA Considerations
   section.

   +-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+
   | Field Name                        |  Size  |  IANA | Description  |
   |                                   | (bits) | IPFIX |              |
   |                                   |        |   ID  |              |
   +-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+
   | timeStamp                         |   64   |  323  | System Time  |
   |                                   |        |       | when the     |
   |                                   |        |       | event        |
   |                                   |        |       | occurred     |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | natInstanceID                     |   32   |  463  | NAT Instance |
   |                                   |        |       | Identifier   |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | vlanId                            |   16   |   58  | VLAN ID in   |
   |                                   |        |       | case of      |
   |                                   |        |       | overlapping  |
   |                                   |        |       | networks     |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | ingressVRFID                      |   32   |  234  | VRF ID in    |
   |                                   |        |       | case of      |
   |                                   |        |       | overlapping  |
   |                                   |        |       | networks     |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | sourceIPv4Address                 |   32   |   8   | Source IPv4  |
   |                                   |        |       | Address      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | postNATSourceIPv4Address          |   32   |  225  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | Source IPv4  |
   |                                   |        |       | Address      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | protocolIdentifier                |   8    |   4   | Transport    |
   |                                   |        |       | protocol     |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | sourceTransportPort               |   16   |   7   | Source Port  |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | postNAPTSourceTransportPort       |   16   |  227  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | Source port  |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | destinationIPv4Address            |   32   |   12  | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | IPv4 Address |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 9
   | postNATDestinationIPv4Address     |   32   |  226  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | IPv4         |
   |                                   |        |       | destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | address      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | destinationTransportPort          |   16   |   11  | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | port         |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | postNAPTDestinationTransportPort  |   16   |  228  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | port         |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | sourceIPv6Address                 |  128   |   27  | Source IPv6  |
   |                                   |        |       | address      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | destinationIPv6Address            |  128   |   28  | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | IPv6 address |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | postNATSourceIPv6Address          |  128   |  281  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | source IPv6  |
   |                                   |        |       | address      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | postNATDestinationIPv6Address     |  128   |  282  | Translated   |
   |                                   |        |       | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | IPv6 address |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | internalAddressRealm              |  (*)   |  464  | Source       |
   |                                   |        |       | Address      |
   |                                   |        |       | Realm        |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | externalAddressRealm              |  (*)   |  465  | Destination  |
   |                                   |        |       | Address      |
   |                                   |        |       | Realm        |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | natEvent                          |   8    |  230  | Type of      |
   |                                   |        |       | Event        |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | portRangeStart                    |   16   |  361  | Allocated    |
   |                                   |        |       | port block   |
   |                                   |        |       | start        |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | portRangeEnd                      |   16   |  362  | Allocated    |
   |                                   |        |       | Port block   |
   |                                   |        |       | end          |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | natPoolId                         |   32   |  283  | NAT pool     |
   |                                   |        |       | Identifier   |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 10
   | natQuotaExceededEvent             |   32   |  466  | Limit event  |
   |                                   |        |       | identifier   |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | natThresholdEvent                 |   32   |  467  | Threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | event        |
   |                                   |        |       | identifier   |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | maxSessionEntries                 |   32   |  471  | Maximum      |
   |                                   |        |       | session      |
   |                                   |        |       | entries      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | maxBIBEntries                     |   32   |  472  | Maximum bind |
   |                                   |        |       | entries      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | maxEntriesPerUser                 |   32   |  473  | Maximum      |
   |                                   |        |       | entries per- |
   |                                   |        |       | user         |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | maxSubscribers                    |   32   |  474  | Maximum      |
   |                                   |        |       | subscribers  |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | maxFragmentsPendingReassembly     |   32   |  475  | Maximum      |
   |                                   |        |       | fragments    |
   |                                   |        |       | for          |
   |                                   |        |       | ressembly    |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | addressPoolHighThreshold          |   32   |  476  | High         |
   |                                   |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for address  |
   |                                   |        |       | pool         |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | addressPoolLowThreshold           |   32   |  477  | Low          |
   |                                   |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for address  |
   |                                   |        |       | pool         |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | addressPortMappingHighThreshold   |   32   |  478  | High         |
   |                                   |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for          |
   |                                   |        |       | address/port |
   |                                   |        |       | mapping      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | addressPortMappingLowThreshold    |   32   |  479  | Low          |
   |                                   |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for          |
   |                                   |        |       | address/port |
   |                                   |        |       | mapping      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 11
   | addressPortMappingPerUserHighThre |   32   |  480  | High         |
   | shold                             |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for per-user |
   |                                   |        |       | address/port |
   |                                   |        |       | mapping      |
   |                                   |        |       |              |
   | globalAddressMappingHighThreshold |   32   |  481  | High         |
   |                                   |        |       | threshold    |
   |                                   |        |       | for global   |
   |                                   |        |       | address      |
   |                                   |        |       | mapping      |
   +-----------------------------------+--------+-------+--------------+

                      Note: (*) indicates octetArray

                           Table 1: NAT IE List

4.3. Definition of NAT Events

The following is the complete list of NAT events and the proposed event type values. The natEvent IE is defined in the "IPFIX Information Elements" registry [IPFIX-IANA];. The list can be expanded in the future as necessary. The data record will have the corresponding natEvent value to indicate the event that is being logged. Note that the first two events are marked "Historic" and are listed here for the sole purpose of completeness. Any compliant implementation SHOULD NOT use the events that are marked "Historic". These values were defined prior to the existence of this document and outside the IETF. These events are not standalone and require more information to be conveyed to qualify the event. For example, the NAT translation create event does not specify if it is NAT44 or NAT64. As a result, the Behave working group decided to have an explicit definition for each one of the unique events.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 12
              +-------+------------------------------------+
              | Value | Event Name                         |
              +-------+------------------------------------+
              | 0     | Reserved                           |
              | 1     | NAT translation create (Historic)  |
              | 2     | NAT translation delete (Historic)  |
              | 3     | NAT Addresses exhausted            |
              | 4     | NAT44 session create               |
              | 5     | NAT44 session delete               |
              | 6     | NAT64 session create               |
              | 7     | NAT64 session delete               |
              | 8     | NAT44 BIB create                   |
              | 9     | NAT44 BIB delete                   |
              | 10    | NAT64 BIB create                   |
              | 11    | NAT64 BIB delete                   |
              | 12    | NAT ports exhausted                |
              | 13    | Quota Exceeded                     |
              | 14    | Address binding create             |
              | 15    | Address binding delete             |
              | 16    | Port block allocation              |
              | 17    | Port block de-allocation           |
              | 18    | Threshold Reached                  |
              +-------+------------------------------------+

                           Table 2: NAT Event ID

4.4. Quota Exceeded Event Types

The Quota Exceeded event is a natEvent IE described in Table 2. The Quota Exceeded events are generated when the hard limits set by the administrator have been reached or exceeded. The following table shows the sub-event types for the Quota Exceeded event. The events that can be reported are the maximum session entries limit reached, maximum BIB entries limit reached, maximum (session/BIB) entries per user limit reached, maximum active hosts or subscribers limit reached, and maximum Fragments pending reassembly limit reached.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 13
             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | Value | Quota Exceeded Event Name             |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+
             | 0     | Reserved                              |
             | 1     | Maximum session entries               |
             | 2     | Maximum BIB entries                   |
             | 3     | Maximum entries per user              |
             | 4     | Maximum active hosts or subscribers   |
             | 5     | Maximum fragments pending reassembly  |
             +-------+---------------------------------------+

                       Table 3: Quota Exceeded Event

4.5. Threshold Reached Event Types

The following table shows the sub-event types for the Threshold Reached event. The administrator can configure the thresholds, and whenever the threshold is reached or exceeded, the corresponding events are generated. The main difference between the Quota Exceeded and Threshold Reached events is that, once the Quota Exceeded events are hit, the packets are dropped or mappings will not be created, whereas the Threshold Reached events will provide the operator a chance to take action before the traffic disruptions can happen. A NAT device can choose to implement one or the other, or both. The address pool high threshold event will be reported when the address pool reaches a high-water mark as defined by the operator. This will serve as an indication that either the operator might have to add more addresses to the pool or the subsequent users may be denied NAT translation mappings. The address pool low threshold event will be reported when the address pool reaches a low-water mark as defined by the operator. This will serve as an indication that the operator can reclaim some of the global IPv4 addresses in the pool. The address and port mapping high threshold event is generated when the number of ports in the configured address pool has reached a configured threshold. The per-user address and port mapping high threshold is generated when a single user utilizes more address and port mapping than a configured threshold. We don't track the low threshold for per-user address and port mappings because, as the ports are freed, the address will become available. The address pool low threshold event will then be triggered so that the global IPv4 address can be reclaimed.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 14
   The global address mapping high threshold event is generated when the
   maximum number of mappings per user is reached for a NAT device doing
   paired-address pooling.

    +-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | Value | Threshold Exceeded Event Name                           |
    +-------+---------------------------------------------------------+
    | 0     | Reserved                                                |
    | 1     | Address pool high threshold event                       |
    | 2     | Address pool low threshold event                        |
    | 3     | Address and port mapping high threshold event           |
    | 4     | Address and port mapping per user high threshold event  |
    | 5     | Global address mapping high threshold event             |
    +-------+---------------------------------------------------------+

                         Table 4: Threshold Event

4.6. Templates for NAT Events

The following is the template of events that will be logged. The events below are identified at the time of this writing, but the set of events is extensible. A NAT device that implements a given NAT event MUST support the mandatory IEs in the templates. Depending on the implementation and configuration, various IEs that are not mandatory can be included or ignored.

4.6.1. NAT44 Session Create and Delete Events

These events will be generated when a NAT44 session is created or deleted. The template will be the same; the natEvent will indicate whether it is a create or a delete event. The following is a template of the event. The destination address and port information is optional as required by [RFC6888]. However, when the destination information is suppressed, the session log event contains the same information as the BIB event. In such cases, the NAT device SHOULD NOT send both BIB and session events.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 15
      +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
      | Field Name                       | Size (bits) | Mandatory |
      +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+
      | timeStamp                        |      64     |    Yes    |
      | natEvent                         |      8      |    Yes    |
      | sourceIPv4Address                |      32     |    Yes    |
      | postNATSourceIPv4Address         |      32     |    Yes    |
      | protocolIdentifier               |      8      |    Yes    |
      | sourceTransportPort              |      16     |    Yes    |
      | postNAPTSourceTransportPort      |      16     |    Yes    |
      | destinationIPv4Address           |      32     |     No    |
      | postNATDestinationIPv4Address    |      32     |     No    |
      | destinationTransportPort         |      16     |     No    |
      | postNAPTDestinationTransportPort |      16     |     No    |
      | natInstanceID                    |      32     |     No    |
      | vlanID/ingressVRFID              |    16/32    |     No    |
      | internalAddressRealm             |  octetArray |     No    |
      | externalAddressRealm             |  octetArray |     No    |
      +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+

               Table 5: NAT44 Session Delete/Create Template

4.6.2. NAT64 Session Create and Delete Events

These events will be generated when a NAT64 session is created or deleted. The following is a template of the event. +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes | | postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | protocolIdentifier | 8 | Yes | | sourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes | | postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | Yes | | destinationIPv6Address | 128 | No | | postNATDestinationIPv4Address | 32 | No | | destinationTransportPort | 16 | No | | postNAPTDestinationTransportPort | 16 | No | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | | internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | | externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | +----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 6: NAT64 Session Create/Delete Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 16

4.6.3. NAT44 BIB Create and Delete Events

These events will be generated when a NAT44 Bind entry is created or deleted. The following is a template of the event. +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | protocolIdentifier | 8 | No | | sourceTransportPort | 16 | No | | postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | No | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | | internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | | externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 7: NAT44 BIB Create/Delete Event Template

4.6.4. NAT64 BIB Create and Delete Events

These events will be generated when a NAT64 Bind entry is created or deleted. The following is a template of the event. +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes | | postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | protocolIdentifier | 8 | No | | sourceTransportPort | 16 | No | | postNAPTSourceTransportPort | 16 | No | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | | internalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | | externalAddressRealm | octetArray | No | +-----------------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 8: NAT64 BIB Create/Delete Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 17

4.6.5. Addresses Exhausted Event

This event will be generated when a NAT device runs out of global IPv4 addresses in a given pool of addresses. Typically, this event would mean that the NAT device won't be able to create any new translations until some addresses/ports are freed. This event SHOULD be rate-limited, as many packets hitting the device at the same time will trigger a burst of addresses exhausted events. The following is a template of the event. +---------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +---------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natPoolID | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +---------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 9: Addresses Exhausted Event Template

4.6.6. Ports Exhausted Event

This event will be generated when a NAT device runs out of ports for a global IPv4 address. Port exhaustion shall be reported per protocol (UDP, TCP, etc.). This event SHOULD be rate-limited, as many packets hitting the device at the same time will trigger a burst of port exhausted events. The following is a template of the event. +--------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +--------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | protocolIdentifier | 8 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +--------------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 10: Ports Exhausted Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 18

4.6.7. Quota Exceeded Events

This event will be generated when a NAT device cannot allocate resources as a result of an administratively defined policy. The Quota Exceeded event templates are described below.
4.6.7.1. Maximum Session Entries Exceeded
The maximum session entries exceeded event is generated when the administratively configured NAT session limit is reached. The following is the template of the event. +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes | | maxSessionEntries | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 11: Session Entries Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.2. Maximum BIB Entries Exceeded
The maximum BIB entries exceeded event is generated when the administratively configured BIB entry limit is reached. The following is the template of the event. +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes | | maxBIBEntries | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 12: BIB Entries Exceeded Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 19
4.6.7.3. Maximum Entries per User Exceeded
This event is generated when a single user reaches the administratively configured NAT translation limit. The following is the template of the event. +-----------------------+-------------+---------------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------+-------------+---------------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes | | maxEntriesPerUser | 32 | Yes | | sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 | | sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | +-----------------------+-------------+---------------+ Table 13: Per-User Entries Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.4. Maximum Active Hosts or Subscribers Exceeded
This event is generated when the number of allowed hosts or subscribers reaches the administratively configured limit. The following is the template of the event. +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natQuotaExceededEvent | 32 | Yes | | maxSubscribers | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 14: Maximum Hosts/Subscribers Exceeded Event Template
4.6.7.5. Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded
This event is generated when the number of fragments pending reassembly reaches the administratively configured limit. Note that in the case of NAT64, when this condition is detected in the IPv6-to- IPv4 direction, the IPv6 source address is mandatory in the template. Similarly, when this condition is detected in IPv4-to-IPv6 direction, the source IPv4 address is mandatory in the template below. The following is the template of the event.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 20
     +-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+
     | Field Name                    | Size (bits) |   Mandatory    |
     +-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+
     | timeStamp                     |      64     |      Yes       |
     | natEvent                      |      8      |      Yes       |
     | natQuotaExceededEvent         |      32     |      Yes       |
     | maxFragmentsPendingReassembly |      32     |      Yes       |
     | sourceIPv4Address             |      32     | Yes for NAT44  |
     | sourceIPv6Address             |     128     | Yes for NAT64  |
     | natInstanceID                 |      32     |       No       |
     | vlanID/ingressVRFID           |    16/32    |       No       |
     | internalAddressRealm          |  octetArray |       No       |
     +-------------------------------+-------------+----------------+

       Table 15: Maximum Fragments Pending Reassembly Exceeded Event
                                 Template

4.6.8. Threshold Reached Events

This event will be generated when a NAT device reaches an operator- configured threshold when allocating resources. The Threshold Reached events are described in the section above. The following is a template of the individual events.
4.6.8.1. Address Pool High or Low Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high or low threshold is reached for the address pool. The template is the same for both high and low threshold events +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size | Mandatory | | | (bits) | | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes | | natPoolID | 32 | Yes | | addressPoolHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes | | addressPoolLowThreshold | | | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ Table 16: Address Pool High/Low Threshold Reached Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 21
4.6.8.2. Address and Port Mapping High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the address pool and ports. +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size | Mandatory | | | (bits) | | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes | | addressPortMappingHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes | | addressPortMappingLowThreshold | | | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ Table 17: Address Port High Threshold Reached Event Template
4.6.8.3. Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the per-user address pool and ports. +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size | Mandatory | | | (bits) | | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes | | addressPortMappingHighThreshold/ | 32 | Yes | | addressPortMappingLowThreshold | | | | sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for | | | | NAT44 | | sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for | | | | NAT64 | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | +----------------------------------------------+--------+-----------+ Table 18: Address and Port Mapping per User High Threshold Reached Event Template
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 22
4.6.8.4. Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached
This event is generated when the high threshold is reached for the per-user address pool and ports. This is generated only by NAT devices that use a paired-address-pooling behavior. +-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | natThresholdEvent | 32 | Yes | | globalAddressMappingHighThreshold | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | | vlanID/ingressVRFID | 16/32 | No | +-----------------------------------+-------------+-----------+ Table 19: Global Address Mapping High Threshold Reached Event Template

4.6.9. Address Binding Create and Delete Events

These events will be generated when a NAT device binds a local address with a global address and when the global address is freed. A NAT device will generate the binding events when it receives the first packet of the first flow from a host in the private realm. +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+ | Field Name | Size (bits) | Mandatory | +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+ | timeStamp | 64 | Yes | | natEvent | 8 | Yes | | sourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes for NAT44 | | sourceIPv6Address | 128 | Yes for NAT64 | | postNATSourceIPv4Address | 32 | Yes | | natInstanceID | 32 | No | +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+ Table 20: NAT Address Binding Template

4.6.10. Port Block Allocation and De-allocation

This event will be generated when a NAT device allocates/de-allocates ports in a bulk fashion, as opposed to allocating a port on a per- flow basis.
Top   ToC   RFC8158 - Page 23
   portRangeStart represents the starting value of the range.

   portRangeEnd represents the ending value of the range.

   NAT devices would do this in order to reduce logs and to potentially
   limit the number of connections a subscriber is allowed to use.  In
   the following Port Block allocation template, the portRangeStart and
   portRangeEnd MUST be specified.

   It is up to the implementation to choose to consolidate log records
   in case two consecutive port ranges for the same user are allocated
   or freed.

        +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
        | Field Name               | Size (bits) |   Mandatory   |
        +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+
        | timeStamp                |      64     |      Yes      |
        | natEvent                 |      8      |      Yes      |
        | sourceIPv4Address        |      32     | Yes for NAT44 |
        | sourceIPv6Address        |     128     | Yes for NAT64 |
        | postNATSourceIPv4Address |      32     |      Yes      |
        | portRangeStart           |      16     |      Yes      |
        | portRangeEnd             |      16     |       No      |
        | natInstanceID            |      32     |       No      |
        +--------------------------+-------------+---------------+

            Table 21: NAT Port Block Allocation Event Template



(page 23 continued on part 2)

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