RFC 3949
File Format for Internet Fax
Network Working Group R. Buckley Request for Comments: 3949 D. Venable Obsoletes: 2301 Xerox Corporation Category: Standards Track L. McIntyre Consultant G. Parsons Nortel Networks J. Rafferty Brooktrout February 2005 File Format for Internet Fax Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).Abstract
This document is a revised version of RFC 2301. The revisions, summarized in the list attached as Annex B, are based on discussions and suggestions for improvements that have been made since RFC 2301 was issued in March 1998, and on the results of independent implementations and interoperability testing. This RFC 2301 revision describes the Tag Image File Format (TIFF) representation of image data specified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) Recommendations for black-and-white and color facsimile. This file format specification is commonly known as TIFF for Fax eXtended (TIFF-FX). It formally defines minimal, extended, and lossless Joint Bi-level Image experts Group (JBIG) profiles (Profiles S, F, J) for black-and-white fax and base JPEG, lossless JBIG, and Mixed Raster Content profiles (Profiles C, L, M) for color and grayscale fax. These profiles correspond to the content of the applicable ITU-T Recommendations.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2. Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3. Overview of this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. TIFF and Fax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1. TIFF Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1. File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2. Image Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1.3. TIFF File Structure for Fax Applications . . . . . 11 2.2. TIFF Fields for All Fax Applications. . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1. TIFF Fields required for all fax profiles. . . . . 13 2.2.2. Additional TIFF Fields required for all fax profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2.3. TIFF Fields recommended for all fax profiles . . . 17 2.2.4. New TIFF Fields recommended for fax profiles . . . 18 3. Profile S: Minimal Black-and-White Fax Profile . . . . . . . . 20 3.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.4. End of Line (EOL) and Return to Control (RTC) . . . . . . 23 3.4.1. RTC Exclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.5. File Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.6. Profile S: Minimal Black-and-White Profile Summary. . . . 26 4. Profile F: Extended Black-and-White Fax Profile. . . . . . . . 27 4.1. TIFF-F Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.3.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.3.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4. Technical Implementation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.1. Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.2. Bit Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.4.3. Multi-Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4.4. Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.4.5. Example Use of Page-quality Fields . . . . . . . . 36 4.4.6. Practical Guidelines for Writing and Reading Multi-Page TIFF-F Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.4.7. Use of TIFF-F for Streaming Applications . . . . . 38
4.5. Implementation Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.1. Uncompressed Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.2. Encoding and Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.3. EOL byte-aligned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.5.4. EOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.5. RTC Exclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.6. Use of EOFB for T.6 Compressed Images. . . . . . . 40
4.6. Example Use of TIFF-F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.7. Profile F: Extended Black-and-white Fax Profile Summary . 41
5. Profile J: Lossless JBIG Black-and-White Fax Profile . . . . . 43
5.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.4. Profile J: Lossless JBIG Black-and-White Profile Summary. 45
6. Profile C: Base Color Fax Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.4. Profile C: Base Color Fax Profile Summary . . . . . . . . 52
7. Profile L: Lossless Color Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.1. Color Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7.1.2. JBIG Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
7.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
7.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.4. Profile L: Lossless Color Fax Profile Summary . . . . . . 58
8. Profile M: Mixed Raster Content Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.1. Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.1.1. MRC 3-layer model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.1.2. A TIFF Representation for the MRC 3-layer model. . 62
8.2. Required TIFF Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.2.1. Baseline Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.2.2. Extension Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.2.3. New Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.3. Recommended TIFF Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.4. Rules and Requirements for Images . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.5. Profile M: MRC Fax Profile Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9. MIME content-types image/tiff and image/tiff-fx. . . . . . . . 74
10. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Annex A: Summary of TIFF Fields for Internet Fax . . . . . . . . . 77 Annex B: List of technical edits to RFC 2301 . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841. Introduction
This document describes the use of TIFF (Tag Image File Format) to represent the data content and structure generated by the current suite of ITU-T Recommendations for Group 3 facsimile. These recommendations and the TIFF fields described here support the following facsimile profiles: S: Minimal black-and-white profile, using binary MH compression [T.4] F: Extended black-and-white profile, using binary MH, MR, and MMR compression [T.4, T.6] J: Lossless JBIG black-and-white profile, with JBIG compression [T.85, T.82] C: Lossy color and grayscale profile, using JPEG compression [T.42, T.81] L: Lossless color and grayscale profile, using JBIG compression [T.43, T.82] M: Mixed raster content profile [T.44], using a combination of existing compression methods Each profile corresponds to the content of ITU-T Recommendations shown and is a subset of the full TIFF for facsimile specification. Profile S describes a minimal interchange set of fields, which will guarantee that, at least, binary black-and-white images will be supported. Implementations are required to support this minimal interchange set of fields. With the intent of specifying a file format for Internet fax, this document 1. specifies the structure of TIFF files for facsimile data, 2. defines ITU fax-compatible values for existing TIFF fields, and 3. defines new TIFF fields and values required for compatibility with ITU color fax.
This specification of TIFF for facsimile is known as TIFF-FX (TIFF for Fax eXtended). References to the format described by this specification should always use the term "TIFF-FX", and some profiles in this specification may not be interpreted correctly by other TIFF applications.1.1. Scope
This document defines a TIFF-based file format specification for enabling standardized messaging-based fax over the Internet. It specifies the TIFF fields and field values required for compatibility with the existing ITU-T Recommendations for Group 3 black-and-white, grayscale, and color facsimile. TIFF has historically been used for handling fax image files in applications such as store-and-forward messaging. Implementations that support this file format specification for import/export may elect to support it as a native format. This document recommends a TIFF file structure compatible with low-memory and page-level streaming implementations. Unless otherwise noted, the current TIFF specification [TIFF] and selected TIFF Technical Notes [TTN1, TTN2] are the primary references for describing TIFF and defining TIFF fields. This document is the primary reference for defining TIFF field values for fax applications.1.2. Approach
The basic approach to using TIFF for facsimile data is to insert the compressed fax image data into a TIFF file and use TIFF fields to encode the parameters that describe the image data. These fields will have values that comply with the ITU-T Recommendations. This approach takes advantage of TIFF features and structures that bridge the data formats and performance requirements of both legacy fax machines and host-based fax applications. TIFF constructs for pages, images, and strips allow a TIFF file to preserve the fax data stream structure and the performance advantages that come with it. A TIFF-based approach also builds on an established base of users and implementors and ensures backward compatibility with existing TIFF- based IETF proposals and work in progress for Internet fax.1.3. Overview of this Document
Section 2 gives an overview of TIFF. Section 2.1 describes the structure of TIFF files, including general guidelines for structuring multi-page TIFF files. Section 2.2 lists the TIFF fields that are required or recommended for all fax profiles. The TIFF fields used
only by specific fax profiles are described in Sections 3 - 8, which describe the individual fax profiles. These sections also specify the ITU-compatible field values (image parameters) for each profile. The full set of permitted fields of TIFF for facsimile are included in the current TIFF specification, Section 2 of this document, and the sections on specific profiles of facsimile operation. This document defines profiles of TIFF for facsimile, where a profile is a subset of the full set of permitted fields and field values of TIFF for facsimile. Section 3 defines the minimal black-and-white facsimile profile (Profile S), which is required in all implementations. Section 4 defines the extended black-and-white fax profile (Profile F), which provides a standard definition of TIFF-F. Section 5 describes the lossless black-and-white profile using JBIG compression (Profile J). Section 6 defines the base color profile, required in all color implementations, for the lossy JPEG representation of color and grayscale facsimile data (Profile C). Section 7 defines the lossless JBIG color and grayscale facsimile profile (Profile L), and Section 8 defines the Mixed Raster Content facsimile profile (Profile M). Each of these sections concludes with a table summarizing the required and recommended fields for each profile and the values they can have. Section 9 refers to the MIME content types used in connection with TIFF for facsimile. Sections 10 and 11 give Security Considerations and References, followed by Authors' Addresses and the Copyright Notice. Annex A gives a summary of the TIFF fields used or defined in this document and provides a convenient reference for implementors. To implement only the minimal interchange black-and-white set of fields and values (Profile S), one need read only Sections 1, 2, 3, 9, and 10. The following tree diagram shows the relationship among profiles and between profiles and coding methods.
S (MH)
/ \
B&W / \ Color
------------ ----------
/ \ \
/ F (MH, MR, MMR) C (JPEG)
/ / \
J (JBIG) ---- \
/ \
L (JBIG) \
\
M (MRC)
A profile is based on a collection of ITU-T facsimile coding methods.
For example, Profile S, the minimal profile, is based on Modified
Huffman (MH) compression, which is defined in ITU-T Rec. T.4.
Profile F specifies Modified Huffman (MH), Modified READ (MR), and
Modified Modified READ (MMR) compressions, which are defined in ITU-T
Rec. T.4 and T.6.
All implementations of TIFF for facsimile MUST implement Profile S,
which is the root node of the tree. All color implementations of
TIFF for facsimile MUST implement Profile C. The implementation of a
particular profile MUST also implement those profiles on the path
that connect it to the root node, and MAY optionally implement
profiles not on the path connecting it to the root node. For
example, an implementation of Profile M must also implement Profiles
C and S and may optionally implement Profile F, J, or L. For another
example, an implementation of Profile C must also implement Profile S
and may optionally implement Profile F or J.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", " NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [REQ].
2. TIFF and Fax
2.1. TIFF Overview
TIFF provides a means for describing, storing, and interchanging
raster image data. A primary goal of TIFF is to provide a rich
environment within which applications can exchange image data. The
current TIFF specification [TIFF] defines a commonly used core set of
TIFF fields known as Baseline TIFF. The current specification, the
set of Pagemaker TIFF Technical Notes [TTN1], and TIFF Technical Note
2 [TTN2] define several TIFF extensions. The TIFF-based
specification for fax applications uses a subset of Baseline TIFF
fields, with selected extensions, as described in this document. In a few cases, this document defines new TIFF fields specifically for fax applications.2.1.1. File Structure
TIFF is designed for raster images, which makes it a good match for facsimile documents, which are multi-page raster images. Each raster image consists of a number of rows or scanlines, each of which has the same number of pixels, the unit of sampling. Each pixel has at least one sample or component (exactly one for black-and-white images). A TIFF file begins with an 8-byte image file header. The first two bytes describe the byte order used within the file. Legal values are "II" (0x4949) when bytes are ordered from least to most significant (little-endian), and "MM" (0x4D4D), when bytes are ordered from most to least significant (big-endian) within a 16- or 32-bit integer. Either byte order can be used, except in the case of the minimal black-and-white profile, which SHALL use value "II". The next two bytes contain the value 42, which identifies the file as a TIFF file and is ordered according to the value in the first two bytes of the header. The last four bytes give the offset that points to the first image file directory (IFD). This and all other offsets in a TIFF file are with respect to the beginning of the TIFF file. An IFD can be at any location in the file after the header but must begin on a word boundary. An IFD is a sequence of tagged fields, sorted in ascending order by tag value. An IFD consists of a 2-byte count of the number of fields, a sequence of field entries, and a 4-byte offset to the next IFD. The fields contain information about the image and pointers to the image data. Each separate raster image in the file is represented by an IFD. Each field entry in an IFD has 12 bytes and consists of a 2-byte Tag, 2 bytes identifying the field type (e.g., short, long, rational, ASCII), 4 bytes giving the count (number of values or offsets), and 4 bytes containing either the offset to a field value stored outside the IFD or, based on the type and count, the field value itself. Resolution and metadata such as dates, names, and descriptions are examples of "long" field values that do not fit in 4 bytes and therefore use offsets in the field entry. Details are given in the TIFF specification [TIFF]. A TIFF file can contain more than one IFD, where each IFD is a subfile whose type is given in the NewSubfileType field. Multiple IFDs can be organized either as a linked list, with the last entry in
each IFD pointing to the next IFD (the pointer in the last IFD is 0), or as a tree, using the SubIFDs field in the primary IFD [TTN1]. The SubIFDs field contains an array of pointers to child IFDs of the primary IFD. Child IFDs describe related images, such as reduced resolution versions of the primary IFD image. The same IFD can point both to a next IFD and to child IFDs, and child IFDs can themselves point to other IFDs. All fax profiles represent a multi-page fax image as a linked list of IFDs, with a NewSubfileType field containing a bit that identifies the IFD as one page of a multi-page document. Each IFD has a PageNumber field, identifying the page number in ascending order, starting at 0 for the first page. Although a Baseline TIFF reader is not required to read any IFDs beyond the first, an implementation that reads the files that comply with this specification SHALL read multiple IFDs. Only the Mixed Raster Content fax profile, described in Section 8, requires the use of child IFDs.
The following figure illustrates the structure of a multi-page TIFF file. +-----------------------+ | Header |------------+ +-----------------------+ | First IFD | IFD (page 0) |<-----------+ Offset +---| |------------+ Value | +-----------------------+ | Offset +-->| Long Values |--+ | +-----------------------| | Strip | | Image Data |<-+ Offset | | strip 1 page 0 | | | +-----------------------+ | | | : | : | | +-----------------------+ | Next IFD | IFD (page 1) |<-----------+ Offset +---| |------------+ Value | +-----------------------+ | Offset +-->| Long Values |--+ | +-----------------------| | Strip | | Image Data |<-+ Offset | | strip 1 page 1 | | | +-----------------------+ | | | strip 2 page 1 |<-+ | +-----------------------+ | | | : | : | | +-----------------------+ | Next IFD | IFD (page 2) |<-----------+ Offset | : |2.1.2. Image Structure
An IFD stores an image as one or more strips, as shown in the preceding figure. A strip consists of 1 or more scanlines (rows) of raster image data in compressed form. An image may be stored in a single strip or may be divided into several strips, which would require less memory to buffer. (Baseline TIFF recommends about 8k bytes per strip, but existing fax usage is typically one strip per image.) Each IFD requires three strip-related fields: StripOffsets, RowsPerStrip, and StripByteCounts. The StripOffsets field is an array of pointers to the strip or strips that contain the actual image data. The StripByteCounts field gives the number of bytes in each strip after compression. TIFF requires that each strip, except
the last, contain the same number of scanlines, which is given in the RowsPerStrip field. This document introduces the new StripRowCounts field that allows a variable number of scanlines per strip, which is required by the Mixed Raster Content fax profile (Section 8). Image data is stored as uninterpreted, compressed image data streams within a strip. The formats of these streams follow the ITU-T Recommendations. The Compression field in the IFD indicates the type of compression, and other TIFF fields in the IFD describe image attributes such as color encoding and spatial resolution. Compression parameters are stored in the compressed data stream rather than in TIFF fields. This makes the TIFF representation and compressed data format specification independent of each another. This approach, modeled on [TTN2], allows TIFF to add new compression schemes gracefully as they become available. Some attributes can be specified both in the compressed data stream and within a TIFF field. It is possible that the two values will differ. When this happens for values required to interpret the data stream, the values in the data stream take precedence. For informational values that are not required to interpret the data stream, such as author name, then the TIFF field value takes precedence.2.1.3. TIFF File Structure for Fax Applications
The TIFF specification has a very flexible file structure that does not specify the ordering of IFDs, field values, and image data in a file. Individual applications may require or recommend an ordering. This specification recommends that when using a TIFF file for facsimile, a multi-page fax document SHOULD be represented as a linked list of IFDs. It also recommends that a TIFF file for facsimile SHOULD order pages in a TIFF file in the same way that they are ordered in a fax data stream. In a TIFF file, a page consists of several elements: one or more IFDs (including subIFDs), long field values that are stored outside the IFDs, and image data (in one or more strips). The minimal black-and-white profile (Profile S) specifies a required ordering of pages and elements within a page (Section 3.5). The extended black-and-white profile (Profile F) provides guidelines for ordering pages and page elements (Section 4.4.6). Other profiles SHOULD follow these guidelines. This recommendation is intended to simplify the implementation of TIFF writers and readers in fax applications and the conversion between TIFF file and fax data stream representations. However, for interchange robustness, readers SHOULD
be prepared to read TIFF files whose structure is consistent with [TIFF], which supports a more flexible file structure than is recommended here. This specification introduces an optional new GlobalParametersIFD field, defined in Section 2.2.4. This field has type IFD and indicates parameters describing the fax session. While it is often possible to obtain these parameters by scanning the file, it is convenient to make them available together in one place for fast and easy access. If the GlobalParametersIFD occurs in a TIFF file, it SHOULD be located in the first IFD, immediately following the 8-byte image file header.2.2. TIFF Fields for All Fax Applications
The TIFF specification [TIFF] is organized as a baseline set and several extensions, including technical notes [TTN1, TTN2] that will be incorporated in the next release of TIFF. The baseline and extensions have required and optional fields. Facsimile applications require (and recommend) a mixture of baseline and extensions fields, as well as some new fields that are not part of the TIFF specification and that are defined in this document. This sub-section lists the fields that are required or recommended for all profiles. In particular, Section 2.2.1 lists the fields that are required by all profiles and that have values that do not depend on the profile. Section 2.2.2 lists the fields that are required by all profiles and that have values that do depend on the profile. Section 2.2.3 lists the fields that are recommended for all profiles. Fields required or recommended by some but not all profiles are given in the section (Section 3 - 8) that describes that profile. The sections for each fax profile have subsections for required and recommended fields; each subsection organizes the fields according to whether they are baseline, extension or new. The fields required for facsimile have only a few legal values, specified in the ITU-T Recommendations. Of these legal values, some are required and some are optional, just as they are required (mandatory) or optional in fax implementations that conform to the ITU-T Recommendations. The required and optional values are noted in the sections on the different fax profiles.
This section describes the fields required or recommended by all fax
profiles. The pattern for the description of TIFF fields in this
document is as follows:
FieldName(TagValueInDecimal) = allowable values.
TYPE
WhetherRequiredByTIFForTIFFforFAX
Count = (omitted if =1) = (if not in current spec but available)
Explanation of the field, how it's used, and the values it can
have. Default value, if any, as specified in [TIFF].
When a field's default value is the desired value, that field may be
omitted from the relevant IFD unless specifically required by the
text of this specification.
2.2.1. TIFF fields required for all fax profiles
The TIFF fields listed in this section SHALL be used by all fax
profiles but have field values that are not specified by the ITU
standards, i.e., the fields do not depend on the profile. The next
subsection lists the fields that SHALL be used by all fax profiles,
but which do have values specified by the ITU-specified or profile-
specific values. Fields that SHALL be used by some but not all
profiles are given in the Sections (3 - 8) that describe the profiles
that use them.
ImageLength(257)
SHORT or LONG
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
Total number of scanlines in image.
No default, must be specified.
PageNumber(297)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFforFAX, TIFFExtension
Count = 2
The first number represents the page number (0 for the first
page); the second number is the total number of pages in the
document. If the second value is 0, then the total page count is
not available.
No default, must be specified
RowsPerStrip(278)
SHORT or LONG
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The number of scanlines per TIFF strip, except for the last strip.
For a single strip image, this is the same as the value of the
ImageLength field.
Default = 2**32 - 1 (meaning all scanlines in one strip).
StripByteCounts(279)
SHORT or LONG
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
Count = number of strips
For each strip, the number of bytes in that strip after
compression.
No default, must be specified.
StripOffsets(273)
SHORT or LONG
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
Count = number of strips
For each strip, the byte offset from the beginning of the file to
the start of that strip.
No default, must be specified.
2.2.2. Additional TIFF fields required for all fax profiles
The TIFF fields listed in this section SHALL be used by all fax
profiles, but the values associated with them depend on the profile
being described and the associated ITU Recommendations. Therefore,
only the fields are defined here; the values applicable to a
particular fax profile are described in Sections 3 - 8. Fields that
SHALL be used by some but not all profiles are given in the section
(3 - 8) describing the profile that uses them.
BitsPerSample(258)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
Number of bits per image sample.
Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value).
Compression(259)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
Compression method used for image data.
Default = 1 (no compression, so may not be omitted for FAX).
FillOrder(266)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFforFax
The default bit order in Baseline TIFF per [TIFF] is indicated by
FillOrder=1, where bits are not reversed before being stored.
However, TIFF for Fax typically uses the setting of FillOrder=2,
where the bit order within bytes is reversed before storage (i.e.,
bits are stored with the Least Significant Bit first).
Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value)
Facsimile data appears on the phone line in bit-reversed order
relative to its description in the relevant ITU compression
Recommendation. Therefore, a wide majority of facsimile
implementations choose this natural order for storage.
Nevertheless, all readers conforming to this specification must be
able to read data in both bit orders, except in the case of
Profile S, which only requires support for FillOrder=2 (Least
Significant Bit first).
ImageWidth(256)
SHORT or LONG
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The number of pixels (columns) per scanline (row) of the image
No default, must be specified.
NewSubFileType(254)
LONG
RequiredByTIFFforFAX
A general indication of the kind of data contained in this IFD Bit
1 is 1 if the image is a single page of a multi-page document.
Default = 0 (no subfile bits on, so may not be omitted for FAX).
PhotometricInterpretation(262)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The color space of the image data.
No default, must be specified.
ResolutionUnit(296)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFBaseline The unit of measure for resolution. 2 =
inch, 3 = centimeter; Default = 2 (field may be omitted if this is
the value)
SamplesPerPixel(277)
SHORT
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The number of color components per pixel; SamplesPerPixel is 1 for
a black-and-white, grayscale or indexed (palette) image. Default
= 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value).
XResolution(282)
RATIONAL
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The horizontal resolution of the image in pixels per resolution
unit. The ITU-T Recommendations for facsimile specify a small
number of horizontal resolutions: 100, 200, 300, 400 pixels per
inch, and 80, 160 pixels per centimeter (or 204, 408 pixels per
inch). The allowed XResolution values for each profile are given
in the section defining that profile. Per [T.4], it is
permissible for applications to treat the following XResolution
values as being equivalent: <204, 200> and <400,408> in
pixels/inch. These equivalencies were allowed by [T.4] to permit
conversions between inch and metric based facsimile terminals. To
ensure interoperability, if an application accepts any member of
the pairs then T.4 requires it to accept both (e.g., accept 204 if
200 pixels per inch is accepted). TIFF for Facsimile Writers
SHOULD express XResolution in inch-based units, for consistency
with historical practice and to maximize interoperability. See
the table below for information on how to convert from an ITU-T
metric value to its inch-based equivalent resolution.
No default, must be specified
YResolution(283)
RATIONAL
RequiredByTIFFBaseline
The vertical resolution of the image in pixels per resolution
unit. The ITU-T Recommendations for facsimile specify a small
number of vertical resolutions: 100, 200, 300, 400 pixels per
inch, and 38.5, 77, 154 pixels per centimeter (or 98, 196, 391
pixels per inch). The allowed YResolution values for each profile
are given in the section defining that profile. Per [T.4], it is
permissible for applications to treat the following YResolution
values as being equivalent: <98, 100>, <196, 200>, and <391, 400>
in pixels/inch. These equivalencies were allowed by [T.4] to
permit conversions between inch- and metric-based facsimile
terminals. To insure interoperability, if an application accepts
any member of the pairs, then T.4 requires it to accept both
(e.g., accept 98 if 100 pixels per inch is accepted). TIFF for
Facsimile Writers SHOULD express YResolution in inch-based units,
for consistency with historical practice and to maximize
interoperability. See the table below for information on
converting from the metric value to its inch based equivalent
resolution.
No default, must be specified.
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| XResolution | YResolution |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|ResolutionUnit|ResolutionUnit|ResolutionUnit|ResolutionUnit|
| =2 (inch) | =3 (cm) | =2 (inch) | =3 (cm) |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 100 | | 100 | |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 204 | 80 | 98 | 38.5 |
| 200 | | 100 | |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 204 | 80 | 196 | 77 |
| 200 | | 200 | |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 204 | 80 | 391 | 154 |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 300 | | 300 | |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| 408 | 160 | 391 | 154 |
| 400 | | 400 | |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
2.2.3. TIFF fields recommended for all fax profiles
The TIFF fields listed in this section MAY be used by all fax
profiles. However, Profile S writers (the minimal fax profile
described in Section 3) SHOULD NOT use these fields. Recommended
fields that are profile-specific are described in Sections 3 - 8.
DateTime(306)
ASCII
OptionalInTIFFBaseline
Date/time of image creation in 24-hour format
"YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS". No default.
DocumentName(269)
ASCII
OptionalInTIFFExtension(DocumentStorageAndRetrieval)
The name of the scanned document. This is a TIFF extension field,
not a Baseline TIFF field. No default.
ImageDescription(270)
ASCII
OptionalInTIFFBaseline
A string describing the contents of the image.
No default.
Orientation(274) = 1 - 8.
SHORT
OptionalinTIFFBaseline 1: 0th row represents the visual top of the
image; the 0th column represents the visual left side of the
image. See the current TIFF spec [TIFF] for further values;
Baseline TIFF only requires value=1. Default = 1.
Note: It is recommended that a writer that is aware of the
orientation include this field to give a positive indication of
the orientation, even if the value is the default. Writers should
not generate mirror images, because many readers will not properly
reverse the image before display or print.
Software(305)
ASCII
OptionalInTIFFBaseline
The name and release number of the software package that
created the image.
No default.
2.2.4. New TIFF fields recommended for fax profiles
The new TIFF fields listed in this section MAY be used by all fax
profiles. However, Profile S writes (the minimal fax profile
described in Section 3) SHOULD NOT use these fields. In addition,
support for these new TIFF fields has not been included in historical
TIFF-F readers described in Section 4 and [TIFF-F]. These fields
describe "global" parameters of the fax session that created the
image data. They are optional, not part of the current TIFF
specification, and are defined in this document.
The first new field, GlobalParametersIFD, is an IFD that contains
global parameters and is located in a Primary IFD.
GlobalParametersIFD (400) IFD or LONG
An IFD containing global parameters. It is recommended that a
TIFF writer place this field in the first IFD, where a TIFF reader
would find it quickly.
Each field in the GlobalParametersIFD is a TIFF field that is
legal in any IFD. Required baseline fields should not be located
in the GlobalParametersIFD but should be in each image IFD. If a
conflict exists between fields in the GlobalParametersIFD and in
the image IFDs, then the data in the image IFD shall prevail.
Among the GlobalParametersIFD entries is a new ProfileType field
that generally describes information in this IFD and in the TIFF
file.
ProfileType(401)
LONG
The type of image data stored in this IFD.
0 = Unspecified
1 = Group 3 fax
No default
The following new global fields are defined in this document as IFD
entries for use with fax applications.
FaxProfile(402) = 0 - 6.
BYTE
The profile that applies to this file; a profile is subset of the
full set of permitted fields and field values of TIFF for
facsimile. The currently defined values are:
0: does not conform to a profile defined for TIFF for facsimile
1: minimal black & white lossless, Profile S
2: extended black & white lossless, Profile F
3: lossless JBIG black & white, Profile J
4: lossy color and grayscale, Profile C
5: lossless color and grayscale, Profile L
6: Mixed Raster Content, Profile M
CodingMethods(403)
LONG
This field indicates which coding methods are used in the file. A
value of 1 in a bit location indicates the corresponding coding
method is used. More than one bit set to 1 means more than one
coding method is used in the file.
Bit 0: unspecified compression
Bit 1: 1-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.4 (MH - Modified Huffman)
Bit 2: 2-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.4 (MR - Modified READ)
Bit 3: 2-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.6 (MMR - Modified MR)
Bit 4: ITU-T Rec. T.82 coding, using ITU-T Rec. T.85 (JBIG)
Bit 5: ITU-T Rec. T.81 (Baseline JPEG)
Bit 6: ITU-T Rec. T.82 coding, using ITU-T Rec. T.43 (JBIG color)
Bits 7 - 31: reserved for future use
Note: There is a limit of 32 compression types to identify standard
compression methods.
VersionYear(404)
BYTE
Count: 4
The year of the standard specified by the FaxProfile field, given
as 4 characters, e.g., '1997'; used in lossy and lossless color
profiles.
ModeNumber (405)
BYTE
The mode of the standard specified by the FaxProfile field. A
value of 0 indicates Mode 1.0; used in Mixed Raster Content
profile.
(page 20 continued on part 2)
